ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ

ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ
ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ
ⴰⵔⵉⵙ	ⴰⵡⵜⵎ
ⵉⵙⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ	Albert Einstein
ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ	Albert
ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ	Einstein
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	Ulm
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	18 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1955
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	Princeton
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	abdominal aortic aneurysm
Place of burial	National Museum of Health and Medicine
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ	Hermann Einstein
Mother	Pauline Koch
ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ	Maja Einstein
ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ	Mileva Marić, Elsa Einstein
Child	Hans Albert Einstein, Eduard Einstein, Lieserl (Einstein)
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ	Lina Einstein, Elsa Einstein
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ	ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ	ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ
Writing language	ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ
Municipal affiliation of a Swiss national	Zürich
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ	physicist
ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ	theoretical physics
Position held	professor
ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ	ETH Zurich, Luitpold-Gymnasium, old Kantonsschule (Albert Einstein House), University of Zurich
Professorship	full professor, academician
Academic degree	Doctor of Philosophy in Physics
Academic thesis	A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions
Doctoral advisor	Alfred Kleiner, Heinrich Burkhardt, Heinrich Friedrich Weber
Student of	Heinrich Friedrich Weber, Hermann Minkowski
Assessment	intelligence test
Doctoral student	Leó Szilárd
Student	Ernst G. Straus
ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ	Deutsche Demokratische Partei
Ethnic group	ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ
Religion or worldview	pantheism
Facial hair	walrus moustache
Medical condition	dyslexia
Last words	unknown value
Participant in	1st Solvay Conference on Physics, 5th Solvay Conference on Physics
ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ	violin
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼ ⴳ	Swiss Literary Archives, Albert Einstein Archives, Louis Round Wilson Library, ETH Zurich University Archives
Significant event	Nobel Prize winner
Present in work	Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge
Described at URL	http://www.einsteinsommerhaus.de/index.php?id=539&no_cache=1, https://www.ige.ch/de/ueber-uns/einstein.html, http://www.digiporta.net/index.php?id=553550365, http://www.digiporta.net/index.php?id=568612883, http://www.digiporta.net/index.php?id=707892219
Interested in	ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ
Related category	Category:Things named after Albert Einstein
Copyright status as a creator	copyrights on works have expired
WordLift URL	http://data.thenextweb.com/tnw/entity/albert_einstein
Has list	list of things named after Albert Einstein
Subject named as	Albert Einstein

ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ: Albert Einstein) (14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879 – 18 ⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1955) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ (ⵉⴼⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ), ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ" ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1921 ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ(ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ) ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ(Photoelectric)", ⴳⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ/ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ (E=mc²), ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵥⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜ/ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ "ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ (ⴰⵏⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ), ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ(ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ) ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ (1902 - 1909) ⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⴰ "ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ", ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1915, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⴷⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ(ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ) ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⴽⵓⴷ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1895, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⴳ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ (1895 - 1914) ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1900. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ 1901, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1905 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ(ⵜⴼⵔⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ "ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ") ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ ⴳⵔ 1912 ⴷ 1914 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1933, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓⵍⴼ ⵀⵉⵜⵍⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ 1940. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵏⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵖⵥⵏ/ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵖⴹⴼ ⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ "ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴼⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ", ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵙ "ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ". ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ/ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵓⴽⴽⵉ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵔⵉⴳ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵖⴼ "ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵙⵍ-ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ" ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⴰⵙⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵟⵓⵏ, ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵣⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1955.

ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ

ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵯⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ(1882)

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍⵎ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵅ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵛⴽⵉⵏⴰⵣⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ, ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⵅ. ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1880 ⵖⵔ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ/ⵓⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⴱ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie" ⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵏ/ⵉⵣⵓⴱⴷⴰⵏ.

ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ Luitpold-Gymnasium (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙ Albert-Einstein-Gymnasium) ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1894, ⵜⵣⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⴱ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵕⵕⵓⵕ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⵓⴱⴷⴰⵏ (DC) ⵖⵔ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ (AC) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ. ⵎⵣⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵏⵣⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ; ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵓ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⵢⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵢⵓⵏⵉⵅ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ Luitpold Gymnasium. ⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵕⵕⵓⵕⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵙⵙⵓ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1894, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⴰⴱⵢⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵓⴹⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ: «ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵉⵔ(éther) ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ».

ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 12 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵊⵉⴱⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 12 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ 12 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵎⴰⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ: «ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ... ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ, ⵜⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⵉⵕⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴹⴼⵕⵖ.» ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵊⵉⴱⵔ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵥⵓ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ." ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ/ⴰⵏⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 12 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 14 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ "ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷ."

ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ), ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ "ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ", ⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ: "ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵓⵅ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ - ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜⵏ - ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵜ."

ⴳ 1895, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 16 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ (ETH), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⵓⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⵓⴼⵢⴰⵏ(ⴳⵎⵏⴰⵣⵢⵓⵎ) ⴳ ⴰⵔⴰⵡ-ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1895 ⴷ 1896 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜ ⵡⵉⵏⵜⵍⵔ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ. (ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵡⵍ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵜⵍⵔ). ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1896, ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ. ⴳ ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1896, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 17 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵜⵍⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵍⵙⴱⵉⵔⴳ-ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ.

ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ

ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ 1912.

ⵣⵓⵣⵣⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ - ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1987 - ⵜⵎⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵀⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵓⵅⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵍⵉⵙⵉⵔⵍ", ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 1902 ⴳ ⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⵙⴰⴷ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵢⴼⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ) ⵖⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1903 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵓⵅⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵛⵡⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1903. ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1904, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵀⴰⵏⵣ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵔⵏ-ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ. ⴷ ⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵅ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1910. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1914, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ 14 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1919.

ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵣⴰ ⴳ 1921.

ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰ ⴳ 1919, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ 1912. ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 1933. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⵣ ⵉⵍⵣⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ ⴳ 1935, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1936.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜⴰ ⴽⵓⵏⵉⵏⴽⵓⴼⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵇⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ "ⵙⵉⵔⵊⵉ ⴽⵓⵏⵉⵏⴽⵓⴼ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ).

ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ

ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ 1904(25 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ).

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴳ 1900, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1901, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵢⵏ. ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍ ⴳⵔⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ - ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ.

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ

ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵥ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 9 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1930.

ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵔⵎⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵅⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵅⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙ, ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⴰⵏⵏ? ⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵥ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵉⴷⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵔⵏ(ⴷⵄⵓⵏ) ⴷ ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵖⴰⵔⵜ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ. ⵓⵍⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⵏⴳⴰⵔ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ.

ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵉⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵔⵔⴰⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣ, ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ, ⵜⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵍⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⴹⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴱⵔⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏⵏ. ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ (ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ). ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵀⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵉ ⵓⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⵓⵎⵓⵕⴼⵉⴽⵜ (anthropomorphique) ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⵖⵏ. ⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵓⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⵓⵎⵓⵕⴼⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ. ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵀⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵛⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⵡⵕ, ⵡⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵇⵇⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵙⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵀⵕⵟⵉⵇⵏ (hérétiques) ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵓⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵏⴰⴼ ⴷⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴼⵕⵓⵏⵚⵡⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ? ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ, ⴳⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵙⵙⴼⵔⴽⵏ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵎⴳⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵡⵣⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ.

ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼⵏ, ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵅⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵅⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ; ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵎⴹⵉ ⵎⴰⵅ ⵢⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ. ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵣⴰⵏ! ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ! ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⴽⵓⵒⵍⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ. ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⵉⵣⴳⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵊⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ 1950.

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴽⵙⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵀⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ: ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⴽⴰ ⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ 17 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1955, ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⴷⵎ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵖⵥⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵙⵉⵡⵏ (Abdominal aortic blood vessels). ⵢⵓⴳⵯⵉ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ: «ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵓⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵉⵖ. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵎⵍⵥⵉⵓ. ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵖ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ(ⵏⵖ ⵙⴽⵔⵖ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ); ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵖ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵥⴰ.» ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵍⵉⵏⵙⴱⵓⵔⵓ, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 76 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⵔⴼⵉ ⴰⵏⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵇⵇⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⵏⵜⵓⵏ, ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵣⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ. ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ.

ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ

ⴰⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1920.

ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ 150 ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ 5 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2014, ⵍⴰⵖⴰⵏⵜ/ⴱⵔⵔⵃⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ «ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ», ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 30000 ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ «ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⴽⵏⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⴱⵓ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵏⴰ/ⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵏ». ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵣ-ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏⵉⵏ:

ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓ (ⵎ) ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ (ⴻ), ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ, ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ.

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴱⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.

• ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ: ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1905, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵏⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⴼⴰ (ⵣⵣⵔⴱ), ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴳⴰⴱⴱⵓ (ⵜⵓⴳⴰⵡⵜ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵏⵥ (ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⴼⴰ) ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵖⵥⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.

• ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ: ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴳ 1907/1905 ⴰⵔ 1915, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ/ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ, ⵜⵏⵢⴰⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ, ⵉⵛⵏⴱⵉⵜⵏ/ⵉⴳⴱⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ.

ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏ :

• ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ : ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ.

• ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ (ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ).
• ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⴰⵅⵅ?
• ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ.
• ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵥⵕⵕⴰⵖ?

ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵣⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ.

ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ

• ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵍⴰⵍⴰⵎ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣⴷ.

• ⴰⵅⵍⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵇⵇⵍⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵉⵏ.

• ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴷ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ, ⴳ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⵍⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ.

• ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ.

• ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵖ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴼ.

• ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ.

• ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⴰⵔ.

• ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴼⵊⵊⵉⵊⵏ, ⴽⵔⴼⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ.

• ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵓⴽⵣ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵔⴼ.

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

• ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ
• ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ
• ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ
• ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ
• ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ
• ⵉⵙⵃⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ