Clinton Davisson

Clinton Davisson
Davisson in 1937
Born	Clinton Joseph Davisson (1881-10-22)October 22, 1881 Bloomington, Illinois, US
Died	February 1, 1958(1958-02-01) (aged 76) Charlottesville, Virginia, US
Education	Bloomington High School
Alma mater	University of Chicago (BS) Princeton University (PhD)
Known for	Davisson–Germer experiment
Spouse	Charlotte Richardson ​ ​ (m. 1911)​
Children	4, including Richard
Awards	Comstock Prize in Physics (1928) Elliott Cresson Medal (1931) Hughes Medal (1935) Nobel Prize in Physics (1937)
Scientific career
Fields	Wave optics
Institutions	Carnegie Institute of Technology (1911–1917) Bell Laboratories (1917–1946)
Doctoral advisor	Owen Richardson
Other academic advisors	Robert Millikan

Clinton Joseph Davisson (October 22, 1881 – February 1, 1958) was an American experimental physicist who shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals."

Biography

Clinton Joseph Davisson was born on October 22, 1881, in Bloomington, Illinois, the son of Joseph Davisson, an artisan from Ohio, and Mary Calvert, a schoolteacher from Pennsylvania.

Davisson graduated from Bloomington High School in 1902, and entered the University of Chicago on scholarship. Upon the recommendation of Robert Millikan, he was hired by Princeton University in 1905 as an instructor in physics. He completed the requirements for his B.S. from Chicago in 1908, mainly by working in the summers. While teaching at Princeton, he did doctoral research under Owen Richardson, receiving his Ph.D. in 1911.

After graduating, Davisson was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1917, he took a leave from the Carnegie Institute to do war-related research in the Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company. The same year, he joined the Technical Staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he remained until his retirement in 1946. From 1947 to 1949, he was a visiting professor at the University of Virginia.

Davisson died on February 1, 1958, in Charlottesville, Virginia, at the age of 76.

Davisson–Germer experiment

Main article: Davisson–Germer experiment

Davisson (left) with Lester Germer, 1927

Diffraction is a characteristic effect when a wave is incident upon an aperture or a grating, and is closely associated with the meaning of wave motion itself. In the 19th century, diffraction was well established for light and for ripples on the surfaces of fluids. In 1927, while working for Bell Labs, Davisson and Lester Germer performed an experiment showing that electrons were diffracted at the surface of a crystal of nickel. This celebrated Davisson–Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that particles of matter have a wave-like nature, which is a central tenet of quantum mechanics. In particular, their observation of diffraction allowed the first measurement of a wavelength for electrons. The measured wavelength $\lambda$ agreed well with de Broglie's equation $\lambda =h/p$, where $h$ is the Planck constant and $p$ is the electron's momentum.

Family

While doing his graduate work at Princeton, Davisson met his future wife, Charlotte Sara Richardson, who was visiting her brother (and his doctoral advisor), Professor Owen Richardson. Charlotte was the sister-in-law of Oswald Veblen, a prominent mathematician. Clinton and Charlotte (d. 1984) married in 1911 and had four children: Owen; James; Richard, who became a physicist; and Elizabeth.

Recognition

Awards

Country	Year	Institute	Award	Citation	Ref.
United States	1928	National Academy of Sciences	Comstock Prize in Physics	"In recognition of his experimental work demonstrating that under certain conditions, electrons behave as we would expect trains of waves to behave"
United States	1931	Franklin Institute	Elliott Cresson Medal	"For the scattering and diffraction of electrons by crystals" (with Lester Germer)
United Kingdom	1935	Royal Society	Hughes Medal	"For his research that resulted in the discovery of the physical existence of electron waves through long-continued investigations on the reflection of electrons from the crystal planes of nickel and other metals"
Sweden	1937	Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences	Nobel Prize in Physics	"For their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" (with George Paget Thomson)

Memberships

Country	Year	Institute	Type	Ref.
United States	1929	American Academy of Arts and Sciences	Member
United States	1929	American Philosophical Society	Member
United States	1929	National Academy of Sciences	Member

See also

Davisson (crater)

External links

• Clinton Davisson on Nobelprize.org
• Bloomington native won Nobel Prize in physics - Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)