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ਮਦਦ:ਇਸਤੋਨੀਆਈ IPA

ਜੋੜ ਸੋਧੋ
ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇੱਕ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Estonian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Estonian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Estonian.

IPA Examples English approximation
Consonants
f film[1] film
h hobune, raha horse
j jõul yolk
k kabi kayak
l lina lack
lʲ jälk[2] leap
m naasma may
n lina nanny
ŋ vang, kink[3] eating
nʲ vann[2] onion
p kapi spill
r vere curd (some Scottish dialects)
s sõbranna, zooloogia sole
sʲ vastik[2] super (some dialects)
ʃ šampus, Solženitsõn[1] shy
t tava stand
tʲ vatt[2] RP stew
v vere veal
ʔ maq (in South Estonian) the pause in uh-oh
Stress
ˈ hobune Normally placed on the first syllable
hernehirmutis
[ˈherːneˈhirmutːis] 		Two stressed syllables in compound words
armee
[arˈmeː] 		Loanwords can have stress on non-initial syllables
Length
vere [ˈvere]
lina [ˈlinɑ] 		Short syllable
ː [4] veere [ˈveːre]
linna [ˈlinːɑ] 		Long syllable
ːː [4] veere [ˈveːːre]
linna [ˈlinːːɑ] 		Overlong syllable
IPA Examples English approximation
Vowels[4]
ɑ lina father (GA)
ɑː naasma father (RP)
æ mägi cat
æː väär mad
e terve pet
eː tee wait (Indian and South African dialects)
i viha it
iː viin feed
o oks story
oː soo store
ø köha Somewhat like hurt
øː vöö Somewhat like herd
ɤ õlu Somewhat like fern
ɤː õõnes Somewhat like verge
u surm pull
uː suu pool
y küla somewhat like cute
yː rüüpa Somewhat like cube

Diphthongs

[ਸੋਧੋ]
Estonian diphthongs[5]
Vowel ɑ e i o u
ɑ ɑe̯ ɑi̯ ɑo̯ ɑu̯
e eɑ̯ ei̯ eo̯ (eu̯)
i (iɑ̯) (ie̯) (io̯) iu̯
o oɑ̯ oe̯ oi̯ ou̯
u (uɑ̯) (ue̯) ui̯ uo̯
ɤ ɤɑ̯ ɤe̯ ɤi̯ ɤo̯ ɤu̯
æ æe̯ æi̯ æo̯ æu̯
ø øɑ̯ øe̯ øi̯ (øo) (øu)
y yɑ̯ (ye̯) yi̯ (yo̯)

See also

[ਸੋਧੋ]

Notes

[ਸੋਧੋ]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 [f] and [ʃ] occur only in loanwords; the latter is sometimes replaced by [s] by some speakers.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Palatalized consonants [tʲ nʲ sʲ lʲ] are pronounced with the tongue constricted towards the hard palate (as if a simultaneous /j/ were being pronounced) when geminated and before /i/.
  3. ↑ Allophone of /n/ before [k].
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Estonian has a three-way contrast between short, long, and overlong syllables. This contrast is present on both consonants and vowels. In some IPA transcriptions long sounds are marked with a single IPA length marker /ː/ and overlong with two /ːː/, while other transcriptions use half-long /ˑ/ and long /ː/ respectively. Overlong syllables also feature a falling pitch contour, while short and long syllables have a level pitch; however this is not marked.
  5. ↑ From Asu & Teras (2009:370)

References

[ਸੋਧੋ]
  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
[ਸੋਧੋ]
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