ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵊⵕⴰ
ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵊⵕⴰ  | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Mahdi  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 13 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1933 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 13 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2014 |
| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | economist, sociologist, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, political scientist, intellectual, researcher |
| ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ | The Value of Values |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | London School of Economics and Political Science, Cornell University, The Putney School, Lycée Lyautey |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | London School of Economics and Political Science, Cornell University, The Putney School, Lycée Lyautey |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ | |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ | Officer of Arts and Letters, Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences, Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class |
ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵊⵕⴰ (1933-2014) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ. ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ/ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ , ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ "ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵊⵉⵊⵊⵓⵜ" ⴷ ⵜⵚⵉⵀⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ.[1]
ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵏⴰⵎ, ⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵢⵢⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵡⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ.
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉⵍ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ.
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ , ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⴳ "ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ". ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ" ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ "ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ-ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵉⵔ(ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ).[2]
ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴹⴰⵚ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙⴰⴽⵙⵓⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵖⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ "ⵎⵉⴳⴰ-ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ", ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵯⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ "ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵊⵉⵊⵊⵓⵜ". ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉ ⵏ "ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ" ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵚⴰⵎⵡⵉⵍ ⵀⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ. ⵉⴼⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵛⴱⴱⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ.
ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ"
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽ(ⵢⵓⴷⴷ) ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ,ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵄⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ .
ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ:
- ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ (1973).
- ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (1991).
- ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵔⴳⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴳⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴽⵕⵓⵇⴼⵍⵜ (2004).
- ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ (2007).[3]
ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ : ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵍⴼ(ⴰⵙⴼⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ .
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ:
- ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ (1976).
- ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ (1986) .
- ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1990 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 13 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2014 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ .