Jump to content

ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ

ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ
ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ
sovereign state, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, European Economic Area ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ24 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1859 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Official nameRomânia ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Native labelRomânia ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
IPA transcriptionɾuˈmɑːnɪɑ, rʊˈmɨnʲɪjə ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Participant inGlobal System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Named afterAncient Rome ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Official languageRomanian ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
AnthemDeșteaptă-te, române! ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Cultureculture of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Continentⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
CapitalBucharest ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Located in time zoneUTC+02:00 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵏ46°0′0″N 25°0′0″E ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coordinates of easternmost point45°9′50″N 29°43′0″E ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coordinates of northernmost point48°16′12″N 26°42′0″E ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coordinates of southernmost point43°37′24″N 25°23′28″E ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coordinates of westernmost point46°7′18″N 20°15′42″E ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Highest pointMoldoveanu Peak ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Lowest pointBlack Sea ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Basic form of governmentsemi-presidential system ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Office held by head of statepresident of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Head of stateNicușor Dan ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Office held by head of governmentPrime Minister of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Head of governmentIlie Bolojan ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Has cabinetGovernment of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Executive bodyGovernment of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Legislative bodyParliament of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Central bankNational Bank of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
CurrencyRomanian Leu ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Shares border withⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ, ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵎⵓⵍⴹⵓⴼⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Driving sideright ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Electrical plug typeEuroplug, Schuko ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ReplacesUnited Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, Socialist Republic of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Significant eventunification of Wallachia and Moldavia, Tenth Russo-Turkish War, Union of Transylvania with Romania, Romanian Revolution (1989), Treaty of Berlin of 1878 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
HashtagRomania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Top-level Internet domain.ro ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Flagflag of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coat of armscoat of arms of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Geography of topicgeography of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Has characteristicfree country ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
History of topichistory of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
List of monumentslist of historical monuments in Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
‎most populous urban areaBucharest ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Railway traffic sideright ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Open data portalData.Gov.Ro ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Economy of topiceconomy of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Demographics of topicdemographics of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Mobile country code226 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Telephone country code+40 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Trunk prefix0 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Emergency phone number112 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
GS1 country code594 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Licence plate codeRO ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Maritime identification digits264 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Unicode character🇷🇴 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Category for honorary citizens of entityCategory:Honorary citizens of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Category for maps or plansCategory:Maps of Romania ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Map

ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ: România) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ [en] ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ [en].[1] ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⵜ [en], ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ [en]. ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜⵏ [en] ⵉ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ [en].[2] ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ-ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏ [en] ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ [en]. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴳ 1859. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ 1878 [en]. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ 1989. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 21, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ, ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ ⵖ 1 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵙ 19 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ) ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ: București) ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 1.6 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵏⴰⵟⵓ ⴷⴳ 29 ⵎⴰⵔⵙ, 2004.[3]

ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ Român ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ Romanus ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ "ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ".[4][5]

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, 42,000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ.[6][7] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5300 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⴰ [en] ⴽⵔⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴹⵜ.[6] ⵉⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ [], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ [en], ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ.[8] ⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵊⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 101 ⴷ 106 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰ [en].[9] ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.[9] ⴷⴰⵔ 271 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ [en] ⴷ ⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.[10]

ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ, ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ.[11] ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ [en] ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.[12] ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 14, ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ [en] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ.[13] ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙⵜⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ [en] (1457-1504) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ.[14] ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵛ-ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴷ 19.[15]

ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⴽⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵙⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵔⵓ-ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ.[16] ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ 1848 ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵙ.[17] ⴳ 1859, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ [en] ⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵣⴰ.[18] ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵓ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ-ⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ 1879.[19] ⴳ 1881, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.[20]

ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20: ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ 1916 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.[21] ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ 1918, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴱⵓⴽⵓⴼⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳ "ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ".[22] ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1930, ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⵉⵜ, ⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵜⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.[23] ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ 1944, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1944. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ; ⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ⴰⴱⵓⴳⵔⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵉ, ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵙⵙⴰ).[23][24]

ⵣⴳ ⵜⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 1947.[25][26] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴽⵢⴰⵡⵛⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⵉⵇⵇⵙⵃⴰ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵜⵓⵇⵎⴰⵄⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ.[27] ⴳ 1989, ⵜⵕⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⵓ ⴳ 2004,[28] ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ ⴳ 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007.[29]

ⵜⴰⵊⵢⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵏⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵎⵎⵓⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 238,391 km²,[30] ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ. ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵓⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ, ⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵛ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵓⵍⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰ. ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵢⵍⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ 11°C ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ 8°C ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.[31]

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷⴼⵍ. ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 60 cm.[32]

ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ 38.5°C ⴷⴳ ⴱⵔⴰⵛⵓⴼ ⴳ 1944.[33] ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ 44.5°C ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1950.[33]

  • ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ

ⴰⵎⵓⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ:

  • ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏ
  • ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
  • ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ
  • ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
  • ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ
  • ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ
  • ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ-ⵉⵍⴼⵓⴱ
  • ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ

ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011
ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹ
ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ 16,463,000 82%
ⵉⵎⴰⵊⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ 2,500,000 12.45%[34]
ⵉⵊⵉⵟⴰⵏⵏ 620,000 3%
ⵉⵡⴽⵕⴰⵏⵏ 300,000 1.5%[35]
ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ 135,000 0.6%[36]
ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⵢⵏ, ⵉⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵏ, ⵉⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵏ, ⴰⵜⴳ.) 50,000 0.2%
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ 20,068,000 100%
ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011
ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ (Genre) ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ
ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ 10 004 180 49.28%
ⵜⵉⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ 10 294 390 50.72%
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011 20 298 570 100%[37]


ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵏⵉⴳⴳⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ: ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵇⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ.[38] ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ [en], ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ [en] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵏ [en].[39]. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Mămăligă, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ Polenta ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⵯⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⴰⵔ, ⴷ Mici, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵓⵚⵉⵙ[a], d Sarmale [en] ⴷ Chiftele ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ. ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴼ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵛⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳ Țuică ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵏ.[40][41] ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵔⵟⵟⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ[b] ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ[c], ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ Ie ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ).[42][43]

ⴰⵙⴳⴷ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ 86,7% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 4.7%, ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 3.7%, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 1.5, ⴰⵢⴽⵓⵣⵏ (ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ) ⵙ 1%,[44] ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ 0.9%.[45]

ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  • ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ

ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 2 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ.[46]

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ 300,000. ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⵉ, ⴽⵍⵓⵊ-ⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵛⵡⴰⵔⴰ, ⴽⵓⵏⵙⵜⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵓⴼⴰ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 200,000: ⴳⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉ, ⴱⵔⴰⵙⵓⴼ, ⴱⵍⵓⵢⵛⵜⵉ, ⴱⵔⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴷⵢⴰ. ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 100,000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.[47]

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴳ 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007. ⴳ 2024, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ (PIB) ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 894 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ $47,203.[48] ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ.[49] ⴳⵔ 2007 ⴷ 2022, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵙ 44%, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ.[50]

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 15,7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ 2018.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19 ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ 68.7% ⴳ 2020, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ 2022.[51]

ⵜⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ (ⵙⵉⴱⵢⵓ [en], ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ [en], ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵙⴰ [en], ⴱⵔⴰⵙⵓⴼ [en], ⵢⴰⵛⵉ [en], ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵛⵡⴰⵔⴰ [en], ⴽⵍⵓⵊ-ⵏⴰⴱⵓⴽⴰ [en], ⴰⵍⴱⴰ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⴰ [en], ⵓⵔⴰⴷⵢⴰ [en]), ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⵉ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⵜⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵊⵊⴰⵊⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⵎⵎⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.[52][53]

ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ. ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵡⴹ ⴳⵔ 3 ⴷ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⵎⴽ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 40 ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⵉⴷⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵥⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵣⵖ 1989, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ,[54] ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, 1991 ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ.[54] ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ 73 ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ ⵏ 2003 ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ, ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 140 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 346 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ.[54] ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ.[54]

ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵜ [fr] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.[54][55]

ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ 41 ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴱⴹⵓ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ 319 ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ 2,686 ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ.[56] ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ. 90,000 ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ 2003: 15,000 ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ 75,000 ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ. ⵣⴳ 75,000 ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ, 45,800 ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, 13,250 ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ, ⵍⵉⵏ 6,800 ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴷ 8,800 ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ.[57]

ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵉ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  1. ^ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Sausages
  2. ^ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Christmas
  3. ^ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Easter

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  1. ^ "Europe :: Romania - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 2007-06-12. Archived from the original on 2020-05-15.
  2. ^ "North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Official Raport".
  3. ^ "Romanian officials mark 20 years of NATO membership". Romania Insider (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). 2024-03-29.
  4. ^ Kelley L. Ross (2003). "Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History". The Proceedings of the Friesian School. Note: The Vlach Connection
  5. ^ Wolff, Robert Lee (January 1948). "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". Speculum (A Journal of Mediaeval Studies). 23 (1): 1–34. doi:10.2307/2853672. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2853672. S2CID 162802725.
  6. ^ a b Trinkaus, E. (2003), "Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase" (PDF), Journal of Human Evolution, 45 (3): 245–253, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.003, PMID 14580595, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-25, retrieved 2025-10-01
  7. ^ Trinkaus, E. (2003), "Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase" (PDF), Journal of Human Evolution, 45 (3): 245–253, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.003, PMID 14580595, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-25, retrieved 2025-10-01
  8. ^ Herodotus (1859), The Ancient History of Herodotus by Herodotus, translated by William Beloe, Derby & Jackson, pp. 213–217 – via digitized Google Book Search
  9. ^ a b Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions, De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
  10. ^ "Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire". United Nations of Roma Victor. and were found in great quantities in the Western Carpathians. After Trajan's conquest he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver
  11. ^ Deletant, Dennis (1995). Colloquial Romanian. New York: Routledge. p. 1.
  12. ^ Matley, Ian (1970). Romania; a Profile. Praeger. p. 85.
  13. ^ Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). The Making of the Romanian People and Language. Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House. pp. 43, 98–101, 141.
  14. ^ Eutropius; Justin, Cornelius Nepos (1886). Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History. London: George Bell and Sons.
  15. ^ Watkins, Thayer. "The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire". Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. The Emperor Aurelian recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia and around 271 A.D. withdrew Roman troops from Dacia leaving it to the Goths. The Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in eastern Europe
  16. ^ Kocsis, Karoly; Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (2001), Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications, p. 102, ISBN 193131375X
  17. ^ Bobango, Gerald J (1979), The emergence of the Romanian national State, New York: Boulder, ISBN 9780914710516
  18. ^ (in Russian) San Stefano Preliminary Treaty, 1878
  19. ^ Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 - Excerpts on the Balkans, Berlin, July 13, 1878, archived from the original on June 8, 2008{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ Patterson, Michelle (August 1996), "The Road to Romanian Independence", Canadian Journal of History, doi:10.3138/cjh.31.2.329, archived from the original on 2008-03-24
  21. ^ "Text of the Treaty of Trianon". World War I Document Archive.
  22. ^ Bernard Anthony Cook (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Taylor&Francis. p. 162. ISBN 0815340575.
  23. ^ a b http://www.levandehistoria.se/book/export/html/2661
  24. ^ "Allt om Rumänien fakta – bättre än Wikipedia". Archived from the original on 2012-04-08.
  25. ^ "Romania". CIA - The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 2020-05-15.
  26. ^ "Romania - Country Background and Profile". ed-u.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10.
  27. ^ Caraza, Grigore (2004). Aiud însângerat (in Romanian). Vol. Chapter IV. Editura Vremea XXI. ISBN 9736450503.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  28. ^ "NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members". NATO.
  29. ^ "EU approves Bulgaria and Romania". BBC News.
  30. ^ "ROMANIA, SERBIA".
  31. ^ "Romania: Climate". U.S. Library of Congress.
  32. ^ (in Romanian)The 2004 Yearbook (PDF), Romanian National Institute of Statistics
  33. ^ a b "Climate of Romania".
  34. ^ "ETHNIC STRUCTURE". Archived from the original on 2011-10-11.
  35. ^ "The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". By Andrew Wilson. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) Nations Abroad. Wesview Press, pp. 103-132. ISBN 0-8133-3738-0
  36. ^ "Political relations". Auswärtiges Amt. Archived from the original on 2008-11-30.Archived
  37. ^ Moldovan, Tudor (18 February 2006). "The Pension System in Romania". EUROPEAN PAPERS ON THE NEW WELFARE. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012.
  38. ^ "Romania - Culture". Archived from the original on 2007-12-31.
  39. ^ "Sicilian Peoples: The Romans".
  40. ^ "Medicover".
  41. ^ "Bucataria romaneasca | EURAXESS". www.euraxess.gov.ro (in ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ).
  42. ^ "Cum s-a făcut Marea Unire pe 1 Decembrie 1918, ziua unui vis împlinit. Discursurile din Sala Unirii". Știrile ProTV (in ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ).
  43. ^ "Ia nationala: istoria iei, ziua iei, tipurile de ie, materiale din care este confectionata, mituri – Blog – IE Nationala" (in ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ).
  44. ^ "Romanian Muslims Cancel Grand Mosque Project". 18 July 2018.
  45. ^ "2002 Census Reports - CSO - Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ).
  46. ^ "Preliminary Data for 2011 census" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2012.
  47. ^ Population in Romania (in Romanian), Romanian National Institute of Statistics, 1 July 2007, archived from the original on 11 February 2008{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  48. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ).
  49. ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org.
  50. ^ "GDP per capita in PPS". ec.europa.eu.
  51. ^ "Cum a afectat pandemia turismul românesc: Sosirile vizitatorilor străini au scăzut în iunie cu 68,7% faţă de iunie 2019". Ziarul Financiar.
  52. ^ Giușcă, Mădălina (23 May 2020). "Religious tourism and pilgrimage at Prislop Monastery, Romania: motivations, faith and perceptions" (PDF). Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography. 14 (1): 149–167. doi:10.5719/hgeo.2020.141.9.
  53. ^ Ionel, Marian (2020). "Implications of Religious Tourism on the Romanian Tourist Market" (PDF). Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series. 20 (2). Ovidius University of Constanța: 362–367.
  54. ^ a b c d e Romania. Vol. 2 (48 ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 2007. pp. 3734–3759. ISBN 9781857434125.
  55. ^ "Romanian Legal system". CIA Factbook. 2000. Archived from the original on 2008-01-25.
  56. ^ "Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December 31, 2005" (PDF) (in ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ). Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Chapter 1.8.
  57. ^ "Press conference" (Press release). Ministry of National Defense of Romania. 2003-01-21.
ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ
ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵜ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵅ · ⴱⵉⵍⵊⵉⴽ · ⴱⵍⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ · ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ · ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ1 · ⵜⵛⵉⴽ · ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ · ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏⵢⴰ · ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ · ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ · ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ · ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ · ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ · ⵍⴰⵜⴼⵢⴰ · ⵍⵉⵜⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⵍⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎⴱⵓⵔⴳ · ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ4 · ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ · ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ · ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⵙⵙⵡⵉⴷ
ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⴰⵏⴷⵓⵔⴰ · ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵏⵢⴰ1 · ⴰⵣⵔⴱⵉⵊⴰⵏ2 · ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ · ⴱⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵀⵉⵔⵙⵉⴽ · ⵊⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰ · ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ3 · ⵍⵉⵛⵜⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ · ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ · ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ · ⵎⵓⵏⴰⴽⵓ · ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ · ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ · ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ3 · ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵓ · ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ · ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ · ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ3 · ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ · ⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ · ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ (ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ · ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ · ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⵡⵉⵍⵣ)
ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵣⵢⴰ2 · ⴽⵓⵙⵓⴼⵓ · ⴰⵔⵜⵙⴰⵅ1 · ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ1 · ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ2 · ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵏⵉⵙⵜⵔⵢⴰ
ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ · ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵓ · ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵇ · ⵖⵉⵔⵏⵣⵉ · ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ · ⵊⵉⵔⵣⵉ · ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴱⴰⵔⴷ
1 ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⵜⵓⵃⴰⵙⴰⴱ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵜ. 2 ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ. 3 ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ. 4 ⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⵏⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ https://zgh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ&oldid=127309