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彼得 (使徒)

维基百科,自由的百科全书
(重定向自磯法
教宗、聖人
圣伯多禄
聖彼得
Simon Petrus
羅馬主教
安提约基雅主教
個人資料
出生約西元前1年
羅馬帝國敘利亞行省伯赛大
逝世約67年6月29日(67歲—06—29)(66歲) 處決
羅馬帝國罗马
(被钉十字架
聖徒
紀念日主庆节(與圣保禄同一日)6月29日
天主教会東正教會東方正統教會普世圣公宗
罗马圣伯多禄宗座1月18日
圣伯多禄宗座2月22日(天主教会)
圣伯多禄锁链 8月1日
象徵天国之钥,披带,教宗王位标志与徽章,被钉十字架且头下垂的男人,
作为宗徒着祭衣,手持一本书或卷轴。在肖像上,他被描绘为有浓密的白胡须和白发。
主保圣伯多禄之主保
Papa Peter
的教宗敬稱
參考敬稱教宗閣下
語體敬稱教宗閣下
宗教敬稱聖父
身後敬稱聖人

彼得希臘語Πετρος拉丁語Petrus,出生年份不詳,約死於公元64至67年間),原名西門,是耶穌基督的十二使徒之一,其兄弟安得烈亦為使徒。天主教譯作伯多祿伯鐸,東正教譯為裴特若[1]唐代景教稱其為「岑穩僧伽法王」。[2]

彼得是早期教會的重要人物,《彼得前書》和《彼得後書》被認為是他所撰寫。歷史悠久的教會普遍尊崇他為主要聖人。天主教認為彼得是教會的基石,創立了羅馬教會,並擔任首任主教,即第一位教宗[3]新教否認天主教所主張的教會傳承觀,[註 1]主張耶穌並未指定彼得為教會的基石,彼得亦未創立羅馬教會;羅馬教會及其主教的地位,是在後來的歷史演變中逐漸形成的。[7][8][9]

根據《新約聖經》記載,彼得原是加利利海邊的漁夫,由兄弟安得烈引介認識耶穌。他承認耶穌是神之子,成為耶穌最親近的門徒之一。耶穌被捕後,彼得一度失去信心,三次否認自己是耶穌的門徒,正如耶穌所預言。[10]耶穌復活後,彼得重新堅定信仰,並在耶穌升天後開始傳道,宣講耶穌是救世主彌賽亞、即基督的福音,成為教會的領袖。個別教會相信,彼得後來在尼祿皇帝迫害基督徒期間前往羅馬傳福音,並在當地殉道。據早期教會文獻《彼得行傳》記載,彼得臨終時曾請求倒釘十字架,因自認不配以與主耶穌相同的方式受刑。[11]

名稱

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彼得(英語:Peter)的名字來自通用希臘語Petros」,意為「石頭」。[12]在《約翰福音》第一章42節中,耶穌將此名賜予西門‧約拿之子(ΣίμωνSimōn)。根據新約聖經通用希臘文原文的權威,「Petros」的正確翻譯是「Ke'pha'」(磯法),其中「Ke'pha'」這個名字在六處經文中被用作「Petros」的亞蘭語對應詞,用以指稱西門‧約拿之子。[13][14]

至於亞蘭語「Ke'pha'」是否等同另一希臘詞語「Petra(磐石)」,學者認為通用希臘文是《新約聖經》的受默示原文,目前並無任何亞蘭語原始文本流傳下來。雖然有一些亞蘭語或敘利亞語譯本是根據希臘文翻譯而成,但這些譯本並非受默示文本,因此無法作為準確反映原始亞蘭語用法的依據。它們可能反映,也可能未反映原始語言的詞彙選擇。通用希臘文新約使用了兩個不同的詞:Petros(彼得的名字)和Petra(磐石),[15]而且目前並無現存的亞蘭語原文可供確認是否原本使用的是同一個詞。[14]

在受默示的通用希臘文原文中使用了兩個不同的詞,如果這是反映某個亞蘭語原文(而這並不確定),那麼這可能暗示在這段經文中使用了兩個不同的亞蘭語詞彙。

因此,根據《新約聖經》希臘原文的權威,「Petros」—主耶穌在《約翰福音》中賜給西門的名字—正是亞蘭語「Ke'pha'」的正確翻譯。[14]

在通用希臘文新約聖經中,沒有任何地方將「Ke'pha'」作為「Petra」的正確翻譯。若要判斷哪個敘利亞語/亞蘭語詞最能準確翻譯通用希臘語「Petra」,我們必須參考基督教會前五個世紀所製作的希臘文新約聖經譯本,以了解當時人們如何理解「Petra」這個詞。

生平

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按照《新约圣经》,彼得生平如下

跟随耶稣

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彼得生於伯赛大,是加利利海边的渔夫。他的父親名叫約拿(Jonah)或是約翰(John),他本名是西門,約拿之子(古希臘語Σίμων Βαριωνᾶς羅馬化:Šim‘ōn bar-Yōnā Matthew 16:17)。

他的兄弟安得烈是最早跟从耶稣的,他带领彼得跟从了耶稣。

约翰同两个门徒站在那里。他见耶稣行走,就说:「看哪,这是神的羔羊!」 两个门徒听见他的话,就跟从了耶稣。 ...听见约翰的话跟从耶稣的那两个人,一个是西门彼得的兄弟安得烈。他先找着自己的哥哥西门,对他说:「我们遇见弥赛亚了。」(弥赛亚翻出来就是基督。) 于是领他去见耶稣。耶稣看着他,说:「你是约翰的儿子西门,你要称为矶法。」(矶法翻譯出来就是彼得。) (约翰福音1:35-37,40-42)

亲密门徒

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耶稣设立了十二个使徒,“要他们常和自己同在,也要差他们去传道,并给他们权柄赶鬼”(马可福音3:14),“这十二使徒的名,头一个叫西门,又称彼得”(马太福音10:2)。彼得与耶稣有特别亲密的关系,福音书里面记载得最多的门徒就是彼得。以下这段记载特别重要,天主教认为彼得得到了天国的钥匙,也就是一种特别的属灵权柄,这就是教宗和天主教会的权柄的来源。也因此,天主教認為耶穌將領導與管理教會的權力賜予彼得,意即彼得在耶穌旨意下擔任教會領袖,而耶穌賜予彼得的兩把鑰匙也成為歷任教宗代代相傳的寶物,於現代亦被融入於梵蒂岡城國國徽與教宗們的牧徽中做為設計元素。所以,根據天主教傳統,彼得被公認為教會建立以來首任教宗。基督新教則认为耶稣基督是教会的唯一的头和唯一的磐石,[16][17]所有信徒人人皆祭司,都有属灵的权柄,須恪守神旨,彼此服事、彼此顺服。

耶稣到了凯撒利亚腓立比的境内,就问门徒说:「人说我人子是谁?」 他们说:「有人说是施洗的约翰;有人说是以利亚;又有人说是耶利米或是先知裡的一位。」 耶稣说:「你们说我是谁?」 西门彼得回答说:「你是基督,是永生神的儿子。」 耶稣对他说:「西门巴约拿,你是有福的!因为这不是属血肉的指示你的,乃是我在天上的父指示的。 我还告诉你,你是彼得,我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上;阴间的权柄不能胜过他。 我要把天国的钥匙给你,凡你在地上所捆绑的,在天上也要捆绑;凡你在地上所释放的,在天上也要释放。當下,耶穌囑咐門徒,不可對人說他是基督。從此,耶穌才指示門徒,他必須上耶路撒冷去,受長老、祭司長、文士許多的苦,並且被殺,第三日復活。彼得就拉著他,勸他說:「主啊,萬不可如此!這事必不臨到你身上。」耶穌轉過來,對彼得說:「撒旦,退我後邊去吧!你是絆我腳的,因為你不體貼神的意思,只體貼人的意思。」(马太福音16:13-22)

信心重建

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彼得三次不认主,尼古拉斯·克尼普費爾繪於1640年

新約聖經》记载耶稣曾在被捕之前预言,彼得会在雞鳴破曉以前连续三次不肯承认认识他。结果,他在耶稣被大祭司审讯时因为害怕,果然三次不肯承认与耶稣的師徒關係。彼得想起耶稣所说的话,就开始大哭。后来耶稣复活以后,他的信心得到重建,耶稣特别嘱咐彼得“牧养我的羊”,并预言他将来会被监禁。

带领教会

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在耶稣复活又升天以后,彼得成为门徒中的领导,开始建立教会。彼得、约翰与主的兄弟雅各,被称为教会的三大柱石[18]

彼得是保罗教会中最初的支持者,他们彼此都很支持。保罗的主要事工对象是羅馬帝國境內的外邦人,就是非犹太人,使基督教得以在羅馬帝國中傳播。彼得的主要事工對象可能是犹太人。保罗曾经直言不讳地批评过彼得「在守割禮的犹太人面前『装假』」[19],但彼得在去世前不久的书信中仍然非常推崇保罗[20]

遺骨發現

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1939年,羅馬教廷例行整修聖伯多祿大殿的時候,工人在大殿的墓地下面發現了一個骨灰盒,上面有「伯多祿在此」等幾個希臘字。經考古學家瓜杜齊檢驗以後發現,這九塊骨頭是一名六十多歲男性留下的,而且這名男性穿著紫色鑲金邊的壽衣,他稱遺骨很可能是聖伯多祿的。不過考古學界主流聲音都對此重大發現存疑。

2013年11月24日,教宗方濟各聖伯多祿廣場舉行「信德年」的結束彌撒,並首度公開陳列聖伯多祿遺骨。方濟各在彌撒開始前,先在銅盒前禱告,然後再以香為遺骨祈福。方濟各當著數千信徒的面,捧著裝著遺骨的匣子,親吻了匣子,然後把匣子放在聖壇旁邊。在彌撒進行期間,刻有聖伯多祿海中撒網圖案的銅盒,一直都打開。這是聖座首次公開展示聖伯多祿的遺骨。在此之前,從未有任何一位教宗宣稱此為聖伯多祿之遺骨。[21]

著作

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新约圣经》中有两封书信(彼得前书/伯多禄前书彼得后书/伯多禄后书)在基督教传统中被认为是彼得所作。现代多数学者则否认了彼得为这两封书信的作者。在书信中,当时彼得和教会据称受到极大逼迫,他勉励基督徒在苦难中要靠主喜乐,仰望神的日子来到。

亲爱的弟兄啊,有火炼的试验临到你们,不要以为奇怪(似乎是遭遇非常的事),倒要欢喜;因为你们是与基督一同受苦,使你们在他荣耀显现的时候,也可以欢喜快乐。 (彼得前书4:12-13)

马可福音的马可也是他亲密的门徒。彼得的天主教瞻礼日为6月29日,与圣保禄/圣保罗瞻礼联合庆祝。

参考文献

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  1. ^ 卡拉克·卡爾頓,《正道―新教信徒對正教須知》,頁173
  2. ^ 吳昶興. 《眞常之道:唐代基督教歷史與文獻研究》. 基督教學術叢書/論著系列 11. 台灣基督教文藝出版社. 2015-05-29: p. 226 [2018-07-02]. ISBN 978-986-61-3129-5. (原始内容存档于2020-03-27). 向師尊請益的乃門徒為首之「岑穩僧伽」(即新約中使徒西門彼得)。 
  3. ^ 圣伯多禄与圣保禄
  4. ^ Schwerin, Philip, How the Bishop of Rome Assumed the Title of "Vicar of Christ",頁3, "The idea of a primacy was not only foreign, but pagan to the early Church. As St. Cyprian had said a century and a half earlier, so St. John Chrysostom (d. 407) voiced the same, denying that the Church Universal had a visible head. The writings of the Church Fathers and the forthcoming Ecumenical Councils never speak of papal elections. Documents of the early church were never dated by a pope, and certainly the early Fathers never had to submit their private interpretations to the imprimatur of the Vatican."
  5. ^ Schwerin, Philip, How the Bishop of Rome Assumed the Title of "Vicar of Christ",頁5, "Fourth Ecumenical Council...(r)uled that the bishops of Constantinople and Rome were equals, enjoying the "same" ecclesiastical honors (canon 28; Mansi 6, 1229). Pope Leo the Great (d.461) fully approved the canons of this council (Migne, P.L. 54, 1038 & 1143), that this "Holy, Great and Universal Council" simply addressed the bishop of Rome as "Archbishop Leo" (Migne, P.L. 54, 951)."
  6. ^ Cyprian and the Bishops of Rome: Questions of Papal Primacy in the early church, Australian Catholic University, "After a thorough re-examination of Cyprian's treatises and letters, it is concluded that Cyprian often regarded the support of the Roman church as crucial for him to manage the affairs of his own church in Carthage and the other churches of North Africa, because Rome was a large, prestigious and influential church. However, Cyprian's disagreement with a number of Rome's positions reveals that he did not believe it had a jurisdictional primacy over churches outside its own prouincia."
  7. ^ 唐健倫,《教會歷史(主後0-1400年)》,頁65-67
  8. ^ Eckert, Harol H., The Specific Functions of the Church in the World页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), p4
  9. ^ WELS Topical Q&A:
    • Beginning of the Church
    • Responses to previous questions, "In fact there is no evidence that there even was a pope in the first century. Even Catholic historians recognize this as a historical fact...We honor Peter and in fact some of our churches are named after him, but he was not the first pope, nor was he Roman Catholic. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests. The same keys given to Peter in Matthew 16 are given to the whole church of believers in Matthew 18."
    • Use Of "Catholic" In The Creeds: "Contemporary Catholic theologians admit that there were no popes and not even one bishop of Rome in the first century."
    • New Pope, "Was Peter the first pope? There is no historical basis for saying that Peter was ever bishop of Rome in the sense of being the sole bishop (overseer, head pastor) in that city, let alone bishop of all bishops (pope) for the entire Church. The monarchial (sole reigning) bishop of Rome seems to have been Anicetus (154-165). In 170, Soter made a list showing the succession of bishops in Rome, starting with Linus as the first. He said that Peter and Paul exercised their apostolic authority in appointing Linus. Bear in mind that before Anicetus there was no monarchial (sole reigning) bishop in Rome, and so Soter's statement is not historically accurate. ...Was Peter the head of the early Christian Church? In Peter's generation there was no single leader, no centralized administration. Peter was an outstanding personality among the apostles and a natural leader wherever he happened to be. He was not, however, the head of the Church. The church to which the other churches looked for guidance in the first two generations was in Jerusalem, followed by the churches in Antioch and Ephesus. Around 400. Jerome wrote: 'If it is authority one is after, the world is greater than the city. Wherever there is a bishop, whether in Rome, Eugubium, Constantinople, Rhegium, or Alexandria, he has the same worth and priestly dignity. It is the power of riches and the humility of poverty that exalts or lowers him.' Around 500, Pope Gregory I objected to being called the 'universal bishop.' The first mention of a bishop as 'Vicar of Christ' is found in 'The Pseudo-Clementine Homily,' written about 150. The author was not referring to the bishop of Rome but to all catholic (not Roman Catholic) bishops. The first pope to use the title 'Vicar of Christ' for himself was Innocent III, around 1200."
    • Peter And The Keys, "Nothing in Scripture names Peter, who was an apostle and leader of the church, as the bishop of Rome or leader of the whole church. This is a false claim made by later bishops of Rome."
    • And On THIS ROCK I Will Build My Church..., "In the Greek "Peter (Greek: petros)" is masculine and "this rock (Greek: petra) is feminine. If Jesus really meant to say that Peter was the one on whom he would build his church, he would have made this a lot clearer if he had repeated the masculine form of the word so that this would refer to Peter's person. Another reason that the church is not built on Peter is evident when Jesus shortly after this has to rebuke Peter and call him "Satan (Mt 16:23). Peter was a weak, human being, subject to error--hardly the kind of foundation on which Jesus would build the church. And finally, and most important, just before this Peter had made the beautiful confession that embraces the two pillars of the Christian faith on which the church is built: 1) Jesus is God's Son; and 2) Jesus is the Christ, the one God sent to do everything necessary to save us from sin. These two truths, all of Scripture teaches us, are the foundation of the church. This is why Jesus uses the feminine to point to this confession which is the foundation of the church."
  10. ^ 《路加福音》22:54-62,「他們拿住耶穌,把他帶到大祭司的宅裡。彼得遠遠地跟著。他們在院子裡生了火,一同坐著,彼得也坐在他們中間。有一個使女看見彼得坐在火光裡,就定睛看他,說:『這個人素來也是同那人一夥的。』彼得卻不承認,說:『女子,我不認得他。』過了不多的時候,又有一個人看見他,說:『你也是他們一黨的。』彼得說:『你這個人!我不是。』約過了一小時,又有一個人極力地說:『他實在是同那人一夥的,因為他也是加利利人。』彼得說:『你這個人!我不曉得你說的是什麼!』正說話之間,雞就叫了。主轉過身來看彼得,彼得便想起主對他所說的話:『今日雞叫以先,你要三次不認我。』他就出去痛哭。」
  11. ^ 鍾志邦,《普天註釋:約翰福音》,頁315
  12. ^ 《新約及早期基督教文獻希臘文大詞典:中文版》(A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature),頁1233
  13. ^ 《新約聖經》:
    • 《約翰福音》1:42,「於是領他去見耶穌。耶穌看著他說:『你是約翰的兒子西門,你要稱為磯法。』(『磯法』翻出來就是『彼得』。)」
    • 《哥林多前書》1:12,「我的意思就是,你們各人說『我是屬保羅的』、『我是屬亞波羅的』、『我是屬磯法的』、『我是屬基督的』。」
    • 《哥林多前書》3:22,「或保羅,或亞波羅,或磯法,或世界,或生,或死,或現今的事,或將來的事,全是你們的」
    • 《哥林多前書》9:5,「難道我們沒有權柄娶信主的姐妹為妻,帶著一同往來,彷彿其餘的使徒和主的弟兄並磯法一樣嗎?」
    • 《哥林多前書》15:5,「並且顯給磯法看,然後顯給十二使徒看」
    • 《加拉太書》2:9,「又知道所賜給我的恩典,那稱為教會柱石的雅各、磯法、約翰,就向我和巴拿巴用右手行相交之禮,叫我們往外邦人那裡去,他們往受割禮的人那裡去」
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Stark, D.T., Some Thoughts on Matthew 16:18
  15. ^ 《新約及早期基督教文獻希臘文大詞典:中文版》(A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature),頁1232
  16. ^ 新約聖經》:
    • 彼得前書》二章4-9節,「主乃活石,固然是被人所棄的,卻是被神所揀選、所寶貴的。你們來到主面前,也就像活石,被建造成為靈宮,做聖潔的祭司,藉著耶穌基督奉獻神所悅納的靈祭。因為經上說:『看哪,我把所揀選、所寶貴的房角石(akrogōniaion)安放在錫安,信靠他的人必不至於羞愧。』所以,他在你們信的人就為寶貴;在那不信的人有話說:『匠人所棄的石頭,已做了房角的頭塊石頭』,又說:『做了絆腳的石頭、跌人的磐石(petra)。』他們既不順從,就在道理上絆跌;他們這樣絆跌也是預定的。唯有你們是被揀選的族類,是有君尊的祭司,是聖潔的國度,是屬神的子民,要叫你們宣揚那召你們出黑暗、入奇妙光明者的美德。」
    • 以弗所書》二章19-20節,「你們不再做外人和客旅,是與聖徒同國,是神家裡的人了。並且被建造在使徒(apostolōn)和先知(prophētōn)的根基上,有基督耶穌自己為房角石(akrogōniaiou)」
  17. ^ WELS Topical Q&A:
    • Responses to previous questions, "The Catholic church damns the teaching of the Lutheran church because we do not accept the authority of the pope to make man-made laws that contradict the Bible. ... There is no biblical or historical evidence for the claims of the Roman Catholic church that Peter was the first pope. In fact there is no evidence that there even was a pope in the first century. Even Catholic historians recognize this as a historical fact. ... We honor Peter and in fact some of our churches are named after him, but he was not the first pope, nor was he Roman Catholic. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests. The same keys given to Peter in Matthew 16 are given to the whole church of believers in Matthew 18."
    • Peter the first pope?, "While the Roman Catholic Church might like to use Matthew 16:18 to support their belief that Peter was the first pope, those words say nothing of the sort. We actually find a play on words in Matthew 16:18. Peter's name in Greek is petros. It is a masculine noun. When Jesus said he was going to build his church 'on this rock', the word translated 'rock' is petra, a feminine noun. Petros refers to a rock, while petra has in mind a rocky cliff or ledge. The Greek makes it clear that Jesus spoke of building his church not on a person, but on a rock-solid confession of him as the Son of God and the promised Savior."
  18. ^ 《加拉太书》2:9:「又知道所赐给我的恩典、那称为教会柱石的雅各、矶法、约翰、就向我和巴拿巴用右手行相交之礼、叫我们往外邦人那里去、他们往受割礼的人那里去。」
  19. ^ 《加拉太书》二章12至14節:「可是,磯法到了安提阿的時候,因為他有該責備的地方,我就當面反對他。 從雅各那裏來的人還沒有到以前,他和外族人一同吃飯;但他們來到了,他因為怕那些守割禮的人,就從外族人中退出來,和他們分開。其餘的猶太人也和他一同裝假,甚至連巴拿巴也受了影響,跟著他們裝假。但我一見他們所行的不合福音的真理,就當眾對磯法說:「你是猶太人,生活既然像外族人而不像猶太人,怎麼還勉強外族人跟隨猶太人的規矩呢?」
  20. ^ 《彼得後書》三章15至16節:「要以我主長久忍耐為得救的因由,就如我們所親愛的兄弟保羅,照著所賜給他的智慧寫了信給你們。他一切的信上也都是講論這事。信中有些難明白的,那無學問、不堅固的人強解,如強解別的經書一樣,就自取沉淪。」
  21. ^ City, Associated Press in Vatican. Vatican displays Saint Peter's bones for the first time. the Guardian. 2013-11-24 [2020-10-21]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-10) (英语). 

註釋

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  1. ^ 曾有新教學者指出,羅馬主教的「首位」在早期教會曾被其他主教否定,[4]直到中世紀才逐漸被接受。[5]個別天主教學者亦持類似看法,參閱[6]

外部链接

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参见

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宗教頭銜
首任(追认) 罗马教区主教
33年4月1日—67年6月29日
繼任者:
理诺
新頭銜 安提约基雅主教
37年—53年
保羅(共同在位)
繼任者:
埃伏第乌斯
五大牧首區
羅馬牧首首任:聖伯多祿 亞歷山大港英语Church of Alexandria牧首首任:聖馬爾谷 安提阿牧首首任:聖伯多祿
聖保祿
耶路撒冷牧首首任:聖雅各伯 君士坦丁堡牧首首任:聖安德肋