조종 (심리학)

심리학에서 조종(manipulation)은 흔히 한 사람의 목표를 수월하게 하는 비밀스럽거나 미묘한 방식으로 타인에게 영향을 끼치거나 통제하도록 설계된 행동을 말한다.^[1] 타인을 조종하는 방식으로는 유혹(seduction), 제안, 강제, 블랙메일(blackmail)이 있다.^[2]^[3]^[4] 조종은 타인을 이용하기 때문에 보통 정직하지 못한 사회 영향(social influence) 형태로 여긴다.^[5] 사람은 조종과 기만 행동을 타고 났으며, 특정한 성격 특성이나 성격장애의 행동이기도 한 주요 차이점이 있다.^[6]^[7]

같이 보기

각주

↑ Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Manipulation. In Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/manipulation
↑ Hamilton, J. Devance; Decker, Norman; Rumbaut, Ruben D. (1986). “The Manipulative Patient”. 《American Journal of Psychotherapy》 40 (2): 189–200. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1986.40.2.189. PMID 3728747. We define manipulation as deliberately influencing or controlling the behavior of others to one's own advantage by using charm, persuasion, seduction, deceit, guilt induction, or coercion.
↑ 〈Manipulation〉. 《APA Dictionary of Psychology》. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. n.d. 2021년 10월 10일에 확인함.
↑ Lynam, Donald R.; Vachon, David D. (2012). “Antisocial personality disorder in DSM-5: Missteps and missed opportunities.” (영어). 《Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment》 3 (4): 483–495. doi:10.1037/per0000006. ISSN 1949-2723. PMID 23106185.
↑ Ienca, Marcello (2023). “On Artificial Intelligence and Manipulation”. 《Topoi》 42 (3): 833–842. doi:10.1007/s11245-023-09940-3. In this tradition, manipulation is considered ethically wrong because it involves influencing someone's behavior or beliefs in a non-transparent way that (i) undermines their autonomy, freedom, or dignity, (ii) promotes the personal gain of the manipulator at the expense of the manipulated, and (iii) may result in direct or indirect harm for the manipulated.
↑
- "That human beings should universally possess a talent for deceiving one another shouldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavior arose not long after the emergence of language." -----“Why We Lie: The Science Behind Our Deceptive Ways”. 《National Geographic Society》. 2017년 5월 18일.
- Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2013). The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitive—and why it matters for everyone.
- Ekman, P. (2009). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage (revised edition). WW Norton & Company.
- DePaulo, B. M., Kirkendol, S. E., Tang, J., & O'Brien, T. P. (1988). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception: Replications and extensions. Journal of nonverbal Behavior, 12, 177-202.
- Bursten, B. (1972). The manipulative personality. Archives of general psychiatry, 26(4), 318-321.
↑ Buss, David M.; Duntley, Joshua D. (2008), “Adaptations for exploitation”, 《Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice》 12: 53–62, doi:10.1037/1089-2699.12.1.53, First, in addition to evolved strategies for individual and cooperative resource acquisition, humans, like many other species, have evolved an array of exploitation strategies that are designed to expropriate the resources of others through force, deception, intimidation, and coercion, most of which have remained entirely unstudied by scientists.

[1] Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Manipulation. In Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/manipulation

[2] Hamilton, J. Devance; Decker, Norman; Rumbaut, Ruben D. (1986). “The Manipulative Patient”. 《American Journal of Psychotherapy》 40 (2): 189–200. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1986.40.2.189. PMID 3728747. We define manipulation as deliberately influencing or controlling the behavior of others to one's own advantage by using charm, persuasion, seduction, deceit, guilt induction, or coercion.

[APA-3] 〈Manipulation〉. 《APA Dictionary of Psychology》. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. n.d. 2021년 10월 10일에 확인함.

[:0-4] Lynam, Donald R.; Vachon, David D. (2012). “Antisocial personality disorder in DSM-5: Missteps and missed opportunities.” (영어). 《Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment》 3 (4): 483–495. doi:10.1037/per0000006. ISSN 1949-2723. PMID 23106185.

[5] Ienca, Marcello (2023). “On Artificial Intelligence and Manipulation”. 《Topoi》 42 (3): 833–842. doi:10.1007/s11245-023-09940-3. In this tradition, manipulation is considered ethically wrong because it involves influencing someone's behavior or beliefs in a non-transparent way that (i) undermines their autonomy, freedom, or dignity, (ii) promotes the personal gain of the manipulator at the expense of the manipulated, and (iii) may result in direct or indirect harm for the manipulated.

[6] 
"That human beings should universally possess a talent for deceiving one another shouldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavior arose not long after the emergence of language." -----“Why We Lie: The Science Behind Our Deceptive Ways”. 《National Geographic Society》. 2017년 5월 18일.

Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2013). The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitive—and why it matters for everyone.

Ekman, P. (2009). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage (revised edition). WW Norton & Company.

DePaulo, B. M., Kirkendol, S. E., Tang, J., & O'Brien, T. P. (1988). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception: Replications and extensions. Journal of nonverbal Behavior, 12, 177-202.

Bursten, B. (1972). The manipulative personality. Archives of general psychiatry, 26(4), 318-321.

[7] "That human beings should universally possess a talent for deceiving one another shouldn’t surprise us. Researchers speculate that lying as a behavior arose not long after the emergence of language." -----“Why We Lie: The Science Behind Our Deceptive Ways”. 《National Geographic Society》. 2017년 5월 18일.

[8] Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2013). The H factor of personality: Why some people are manipulative, self-entitled, materialistic, and exploitive—and why it matters for everyone.

[9] Ekman, P. (2009). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage (revised edition). WW Norton & Company.

[10] DePaulo, B. M., Kirkendol, S. E., Tang, J., & O'Brien, T. P. (1988). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception: Replications and extensions. Journal of nonverbal Behavior, 12, 177-202.

[11] Bursten, B. (1972). The manipulative personality. Archives of general psychiatry, 26(4), 318-321.

[7] Buss, David M.; Duntley, Joshua D. (2008), “Adaptations for exploitation”, 《Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice》 12: 53–62, doi:10.1037/1089-2699.12.1.53, First, in addition to evolved strategies for individual and cooperative resource acquisition, humans, like many other species, have evolved an array of exploitation strategies that are designed to expropriate the resources of others through force, deception, intimidation, and coercion, most of which have remained entirely unstudied by scientists.

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