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Aligned, Multiple-transient Events in the First Palomar Sky Survey

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"Aligned, Multiple-transient Events in the First Palomar Sky Survey" and "Transients in the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-I) may be associated with nuclear testing and reports of unidentified anomalous phenomena" are the names of two companion papers published in October 2025 in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific and Scientific Reports, respectively. The principal authors of the two papers were Beatriz Villarroel and Stephen Bruehl.

Authors of the two papers contended the results of their research indicated the potential presence of UFOs orbiting the Earth in the 1950s. That conclusion was criticized by other scientists and preprints of both papers were rejected from archiving by arXiv due to what it said was a lack of "sufficient or substantive scholarly research".

Background

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In the 1950s, San Diego's Mount Palomar Observatory photographed the entire northern sky in small sections. Subsequent research observed that some features present in the Palomar survey did not appear in later surveys. The difference was generally attributed to faults in the Palomar Observatory's glass photographic plates.[1]In a 2021 paper, Beatriz Villarroel and several co-authors concluded the plate fault explanation for the Palomar artifacts was unlikely.[1][a] The paper's conclusion was rejected in a rejoinder paper by University of Edinburgh astronomers,[1] which observed that many of the transients were probably "emulsion holes on the intermediate positive plates used during reproduction of the copy sets" and that digitized versions of the Palomar plates, which Villarroel and her co-authors analyzed, "are likely peppered with ... false detections".[3]

According to Villarroel, a speaking invitation previously extended to her to address a workshop at Penn State University on the paper was then withdrawn due to alleged violation of conduct codes by her paper's second author.[2] At this time, Villarroel—faced with what she characterized as bullying and harassment within the mainstream astronomical community—said that she decided to fully embark on "UFO research" and "destigmatizing the UFO topic".[2][4] In 2024, she delivered a TEDx talk in Zurich titled "Why we should search for alien artifacts".[5]

Content

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Stephen Bruehl
Academic background
EducationPh.D. (Clinical Psychology), University of Kentucky
Academic work
DisciplinePsychology
InstitutionsVanderbilt University
Main interestsPain management
Notes
Institutional affiliation as of the date of the papers' publication
Beatriz Villarroel
Academic background
EducationPh.D. (Astronomy), Uppsala University
Academic work
DisciplineAstronomy
InstitutionsNordic Institute for Theoretical Physics
Main interestsUFOs
Notes
Institutional affiliation as of the date of the papers' publication

"Transients in the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-I) may be associated with nuclear testing and reports of unidentified anomalous phenomena", published in Scientific Reports, and its companion paper, "Aligned, Multiple-transient Events in the First Palomar Sky Survey", published in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, studied digital scans of the original Palomar photographic glass plates and determined that the frequency of the transients increased around the time of nuclear tests and purported civilian "UFO sightings".[1][6][7][8][9] In "Transients in the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey", the authors dismiss "several prosaic explanations" and advance two hypotheses to explain their findings: that of a "previously undocumented atmospheric phenomenon triggered by nuclear detonations" or that "nuclear weapons may attract UAP [UFOs]".[10] Of the two, the authors claim the first hypothesis is "unlikely".[10]

Both papers were published in October 2025.[1][11][12]

Authors

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"Transients in the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey" was authored by Villarroel, an astronomer at the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics and by Stephen Bruehl, a psychologist at Vanderbilt University, with Bruehl serving as corresponding author.[10][13][6] "Aligned, Multiple-transient Events in the First Palomar Sky Survey" was authored by Villarroel and Bruehl, Villarroel serving as corresponding author; they were joined by Enrique Solano, Hichem Guergouri, Alina Streblyanska, Vitaly M. Andruk, Lars Mattsson, Rudolf E. Bär, Jamal Mimouni, Stefan Geier, Alok C. Gupta, Vanessa Okororie, Khaoula Laggoune, Matthew E. Shultz, and Robert A. Freitas Jr.[14][15]

Reception

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The two papers, principally authored by Beatriz Villarroel and Stephen Bruehl, were based on scans of images created by the Mount Palomar Observatory (pictured) in the 1950s.

The papers' conclusions were met with skepticism by the scientific community, and arXiv declined to archive preprints of either paper, asserting they lacked "sufficient or substantive scholarly research".[16][17] The decision by arXiv was denounced by Villarroel in a social media post as "golden proof" of "censorship" of UFO information.[18]

Addressing the idea that the papers had discovered UFOs orbiting Earth in the 1950s, Scientific American noted there were "a host of simpler explanations".[16]

Michael Wiescher suggested Villarroel, Bruehl, and their coauthors had actually been observing debris that resulted from earlier nuclear tests and that would give the appearances of "bursts of radiance" when seen through a telescope.[16]

SETI's Eliot Gillum noted that Villareal's results could be explained by meteors that flew directly towards the telescope's view, instead of perpendicular to it, resulting in the appearance of specks of light as opposed to streaks.[16]

Sean M. Kirkpatrick stated the results were probably the result of either solar flare radiation or high-altitude balloons.[16]

Princeton University's Robert Lupton, a research astronomer, commented he was left unimpressed with the strength of the statistical analysis undertaken in Villarroel and Bruehl's research.[19]

Writing on his personal website, Adam Frank applauded the researchers' effort at peer review of the two papers, though cautioned that "getting your paper published in a peer-reviewed quality journal does not make it right".[20]

Nigel Hambly, who specializes in digitized optical sky surveys,[19] suggested that examining the actual plates — instead of digital copies as Villarroel and Bruehl did — might result in a different conclusion and that "there's no shame in being wrong".[16]

Other critics have noted that the 1950s were a "golden age" of UFO sightings and the results correlating the appearance of the artifacts with UFO reports could be attributed to observation bias.[21] The Center for UFO Studies maintains a historic database of UFO sightings (UFOCAT) which was used by Bruehl & Villarroel.[10]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Villarroel later stated that the paper advanced from the hypothesis that the Palomar transients were "some kind of non-human or extraterrestrial satellites in orbit around the Earth".[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Starr, Michelle (October 29, 2025). "Study Links Mysterious Lights in The Sky to Historic Nuclear Tests". Science Alert. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  2. ^ a b c Villarroel, Beatriz (May 22, 2024). "My Personal Journey Through the Unknown". unizin.org. The Pennsylvania State University Open Resource Publishing. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  3. ^ C, Hambly; A, Blair (5 January 2024). "On the nature of apparent transient sources on the National Geographic Society–Palomar Observatory Sky Survey glass copy plates". Ras Techniques and Instruments. 3 (1): 73–79. doi:10.1093/rasti/rzae004.
  4. ^ "Sommarkrönika av Beatriz Villarroel: cancelkultur och trakasserier inom astronomin - fallet Geoff Marcy". academicrightswatch.se. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
  5. ^ "Why we should search for alien artifacts". ted.com. TED Conferences. 29 March 2024. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  6. ^ a b Cooper, Keith (2025-10-29). "Could these mysterious flashes of light in 1950s photos be UFOs? Some researchers think so". Space. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  7. ^ Arnold, Paul (2025-10-27). "Mysterious transient objects in sky linked to nuclear testing and unidentified anomalous phenomena". phys.org. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  8. ^ Anderson, Paul Scott (2025-10-29). "Transient flashes in '50s sky plates still puzzle scientists". EarthSky. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  9. ^ Bergenholtz-Foglander, Johnny. "Unexpected patterns in historical astronomical observations - Stockholm University". www.su.se. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  10. ^ a b c d Bruehl, Stephen (October 20, 2025). "Transients in the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-I) may be associated with nuclear testing and reports of unidentified anomalous phenomena". Scientific Reports. 15 (34125) 34125. Bibcode:2025NatSR..1534125B. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21620-3. PMC 12537931. PMID 41115916.
  11. ^ Lagatta, Eric (October 28, 2025). "Did aliens spy on our nuclear tests? Study finds signs of UFOs near US sites in 1950s". USA Today. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  12. ^ Evers, Marco (October 26, 2025). "Vieles von dem, was wir Weltraumschrott nennen, ist nicht von uns". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  13. ^ "Stephen Bruehl, Ph.D." Pain Research Group. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  14. ^ Villarroel, Beatriz (October 17, 2025). "Aligned, Multiple-transient Events in the First Palomar Sky Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 137 (10). Bibcode:2025PASP..137j4504V. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ae0afe. Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  15. ^ Mendenhall, Brooks (October 31, 2025). "Did aliens watch 1950s nuclear tests? 'Maybe,' studies say". Astronomy. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  16. ^ a b c d e f O'Callaghan, Jonathan (October 28, 2025). "UFOs Are Just One Explanation for Mysterious Patterns in Old Telescope Data". Scientific American. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
  17. ^ Ramskov, Jens (November 3, 2025). "Mystiske mønstre fundet i astronomers observationer: Skyldes de atombomber og UFO'er?". Ingeniøren (in Danish). Retrieved November 3, 2025.
  18. ^ Beatriz Villarroel [@DrBeaVillarroel] (October 21, 2025). "Censorship. We finally have the golden proof of it!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on November 3, 2025. Retrieved November 3, 2025 – via Twitter.
  19. ^ a b Howell, Elizabeth (November 21, 2025). "A Mysterious UFO Sighting Went Unsolved for 70 Years—Now 'Rigorous' Tests May Confirm It, Scientists Say". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  20. ^ Frank, Adam. "Did Science Just Confirm 1950s UFO Visits?". Everyman's Universe. Adam Frank. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
  21. ^ Öztürk, Levent (November 1, 2025). "1950'lerin sırrı çözülüyor: Fotoğraf plakalarındaki gizemli ışıklar UFO mu?". CHIP Online (in Turkish). Retrieved November 1, 2025.

Further reading

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