Alignment level
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The alignment level in an audio signal chain or on an audio recording is a defined anchor point that represents a reasonable or typical level.
Analogue
[edit]In analogue systems, alignment level in broadcast chains is commonly 0 dBu (0.775 volts RMS) and in professional audio is commonly 0 VU (4 dBu, 1.228 volts RMS). Under normal situations, the 0 VU reference allows for a headroom of 18 dB or more above the reference level without significant distortion. This is largely due to the use of slow-responding VU meters in almost all analogue professional audio equipment, which, by their design and by specification, respond to an average level, not peak levels.
Digital
[edit]In digital systems alignment level commonly is at −18 dBFS (18 dB below digital full scale), in accordance with EBU recommendations.[1] Digital equipment must use peak-reading metering systems to avoid severe digital distortion caused by the signal going beyond digital full scale. 24-bit original or master recordings commonly have an alignment level at −24 dBFS to allow extra headroom, which can then be reduced to match the available headroom of the final medium by audio level compression. FM broadcasts usually have only 9 dB of headroom, as recommended by the EBU, but digital broadcasts, which could operate with 18 dB of headroom, given their low noise floor even in difficult reception areas, currently operate in a state of confusion, with some transmitting at maximum level, while others operate at a much lower level, even though they carry material that has been compressed for compatibility with the lower dynamic range of FM transmissions.[citation needed]
EBU
[edit]In EBU documents[specify] alignment level defines −18 dBFS as the level of the alignment signal, a 1 kHz sine tone for analog applications and 997 Hz in digital applications.
Motivation
[edit]Using alignment level rather than maximum permitted level as the reference point allows more sensible headroom management throughout the audio signal chain; compression happens only where intended.
Loudness wars have resulted in increasing playback loudness. Loudness normalisation to a fixed alignment level can improve the experience when listening to mixed material.
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]- EBU Recommendation R128 - Loudness normalisation and permitted maximum level of audio levels (2010)
- EBU Recommendation R68-2000
- EBU Recommendation R117-2006 (against loudness war)
- AES Convention Paper 5538 On Levelling and Loudness Problems at Broadcast Studios
- EBU Tech 3282-E on EBU RDAT Tape Levels Archived 2009-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
- EBU R89-1997 on CD-R levels[permanent dead link]
- Distortion to the People — TC Electronics
- EBU Loudness Group
- ^ "EBU Technical Recommendation R68-2000 - Alignment level in digital audio production equipment and in digital audio recorders" (PDF). EBU Recommendations. European Broadcasting Union. 2000.
The EBU recommends that, in digital audio equipment, its Members should use coding levels for digital audio signals which correspond to an alignment level which is 18 dB below the maximum possible coding level of the digital system, irrespective of the total number of bits available.