Apper Ception
 Apper Ception | |
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philosophical concept (en)  |
Apperception (daga Latin ad-, "to, towards" da percipere, "don fahimta, samun, tabbatarwa, koyo, ko ji") wani bangare ne na fahimta da sani a fannoni kamar ilimin halayyar dan adam, falsafar da ilimin kimiyya.
Ma'ana a cikin falsafar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga René Descartes a cikin hanyar kalmar apercevoir a cikin littafinsa Traité des passions . Leibniz ya gabatar da manufar fahimta a cikin al'adun falsafar fasaha, a cikin aikinsa Principes de la nature fondés en raison et de la grâce; kodayake ya yi amfani da kalmar kusan a cikin ma'anar kulawa ta zamani, wanda ake ganewa wani abu a matsayin "ba-kai" kuma duk da haka dangane da kai.[1]
Immanuel Kant ya bambanta hangen nesa daga hangen nesa. Na farko shine fahimtar wani abu kamar yadda ya shafi tsantsar sanin kai mai tsarki a matsayin batun - "mai tsarki, asali, wanda ba za'a iya canzawa ba wanda shine yanayin da ya dace na gogewa da kuma tushen haɗin gogewa". Na biyu shine "sanin ainihin kai tare da sauye-sauyen jihohinsa", abin da ake kira "ma'anar ciki" (Otto F. Kraushaar a cikin Runes ).[2]
Masanin falsafar Jamus Theodor Lipps ya bambanta kalmomin fahimta da fahimta a cikin aikinsa na 1902 Vom Fühlen, Wollen und Denken . [3] Fahimta, ga Lipps, kalma ce ta gama gari wacce ke rufe irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na hankali kamar abubuwan ji da na taɓawa, tunatarwa, wakilcin gani a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da dai sauransu. Amma waɗannan fahimta ba koyaushe suna riƙe da hankali na mutum ba - ba a lura da fahimta ba. Lipps yana amfani da kalmar apperception, to, don komawa ga fahimta mai hankali, inda, ban da fahimtar wani abu kawai, ko dai mutum yana kula da abin da aka fahimta ko kuma yana kula da ainihin fahimtar abu.[4]
Ma'ana a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam, fahimta shine "tsarin da sabon gogewa ya dace da kuma canzawa ta hanyar raguwar gogewar mutum na baya don samar da sabon duka".[5] A takaice dai, shine fahimtar sabon gogewa dangane da gogewar da ta gabata. Ana kuma samun kalmar a cikin ilimin halayyar Herbert Spencer, Hermann Lotze, da Wilhelm Wundt. Da farko yana nufin wucewa cikin ƙwarewa, watau, don fahimta. Amma fahimtar ta canza lokacin da ta kai ga sani saboda shigar da ita cikin wani mahallin fassarar da ya riga ya kasance; don haka ba a fahimta ba amma an fahimta.
A cewar Johann Friedrich Herbart, fahimta shine wannan tsari wanda tarin ko "takarda" gabatarwa ya zama tsari (tsarin fahimta) ta hanyar haɓaka sabbin abubuwa, ko dai an ba da ma'ana ko kuma a matsayin samfurin aikin ciki na hankali. Don haka ya jaddada a cikin fahimta haɗin kai kamar yadda ya haifar da jimlar kwarewar da ta gabata. Saboda haka a cikin ilimi malamin ya kamata ya saba da kansa sosai da ci gaban tunanin ɗalibin, don ya iya yin cikakken amfani da abin da ɗalibin ya riga ya sani.
Alfred Adler ya yi amfani da ra'ayin apperception don bayyana wasu ka'idojin fahimta a cikin ilimin halayyar yara. Yaro yana fahimtar yanayi daban-daban ba kamar yadda suke a zahiri ba, amma ta hanyar son kai na abubuwan da suke so, a wasu kalmomi, bisa ga tsarin fahimtar kansu.
Apperception shine don haka kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya don duk hanyoyin tunani wanda aka kawo gabatarwa cikin alaƙa da ra'ayi na tunani da ya riga ya kasance kuma an tsara shi, an bayyana shi ko, a cikin kalma, an fahimta; misali, an bayyana sabon sabon sabon abu na kimiyya a cikin hasken abubuwan da aka riga aka bincika da rarraba. Dukan rayuwar mutum mai basira, da gangan ko ba tare da sani ba, tsari ne na fahimta, kamar yadda kowane aikin kulawa ya haɗa da tsarin farawa.
Misali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani yaro mai arziki da wani yaro matalauci da ke tafiya tare sun haye takardar kudi guda goma a kan titin. Yaron mai arziki ya ce ba kudi ba ne kuma yaron matalauci ya ce kudi ne mai yawa. Bambancin ya ta'allaka ne a yadda suke fahimtar wannan taron - ruwan tabarau na kwarewar da ta gabata ta hanyar da suke gani da darajar (ko rage darajar) kudi.
Ma'ana a cikin ilimin kimiyya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin ilimin lissafi, fahimta shine "tsinkaye ko damuwa ta hanyar tunanin jihohin .
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Gwajin nunawa
- Gwajin Rorschach inkblot
- Gwajin Bayyanawa
- Saṃjñā
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Apperception". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 221. This cites:
- Karl Lange, Ueber Apperception (6th ed. revised, Leipzig, 1899; trans. E. E. Brown, Boston, 1893)
- G. F. Stout, Analytic Psychology (London, 1896), bk. ii. ch. viii.
- ↑ Runes, Dagobert D. (ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy, Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, 1972.
- ↑ Lipps, Theodor. Vom Fuehlen, Wollen und Denken. Leipzig, Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1902. See pages 6-7.
- ↑ Judgement and Truth in Early Analytic Philosophy and Phenomenology. ed. Mark Textor. Springer, 2013. pp. 14f.
- ↑ Adler, Alfred (2011). "The Science of Living".