Awlad Muhammad

Awlad Muhammad (or Ouled Muhammed) was a tribe that ruled over the Fezzan region from 1550 to 1812.^[1]^[2] At their height, their domain extended from Sokna in the north to Murzuq in the south.^[3] and the south, in Niger and Chad modern day territories^[4]

The Muhammad al-Wad dynasty was a ruling family that governed the Fezzan region, located in present-day southwestern Libya, from the late 15th century until the early 19th century. Emerging amid the decline of previous tribal confederations, the dynasty established control over key oases and trade routes that connected sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1574 the Ottoman Tripolitania under Mahmut bey invaded and occupied Fezzan and the Oasis,^[5] and not year 1577, Most African historians used the year 1577 as the year, as it was then Idris Alooma sent his diplomatic delegation to the Ottomans. Muhammad Bey, also exerted great effort in transferring the Ottoman system to Central Africa. He descended from Murzuq (Libya) with 500 soldiers southward a distance of 1950 km² from the Mediterranean Sea in a straight line and reached the north of Lake chad.^[6] The greater part of the Sahara forms significant portions of present-day Niger, all of which were annexed to the Fezzan district. King Idris Aluma, ruler of the Kanem-Bornu Sultanate, sent three ambassadors to Istanbul in 1577 and offered his allegiance. Firearms were sent from Tripoli by order of the Ottoman court, and the sultanate came under Ottoman rule^[7]^[8] Fezzan had been vassailized since 1574,^[9] but only in the 1580s did the rulers of Fezzan give their allegiance to the sultan, but the Turks refrained from trying to exercise any influence there.^[10] It was occupied fully from times to time like in 1679-1682, 1690, 1716, 1718 and 1811/1812.^[11]^[1]^[2] However, there's an alternate view suggesting nominal control was only established around 1842.^[12] The Ottoman Army usually maintained a garrison there.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-3201-8.
^ ^a ^b الآن, تركيا (2021-02-24). "ذبحوا الأبناء الرضع لزعيم القبيلة: عن حرب العثمانيين وأولاد امحمد في ليبيا". تركيا الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1971). A history of the Maghrib. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Eng.] University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07981-5.
^ Willis, John R.; Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78017-3.
^ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
^ Martin, B. G. (January 1969). "Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzān: Notes on the political history of a Trade Route". The Journal of African History. 10 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1017/s0021853700009257. ISSN 0021-8537.
^ https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf (
^ Flynn, Sébastien (2016-01-01). "The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and Kanem – Bornu During the Reign of Sultan Murad III – A Master's Thesis". Bilkent Master's Thesis.
^ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.
^ "Libya - HISTORY".
^ Trousset, P.; Despois, J.; Gauthier, Y.; Gauthier, Ch; E. B (1997-08-01). "Fezzân". Encyclopédie berbère (in French). 18 (18): 2777–2817. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2083. ISSN 1015-7344.
^ "Libyan history".

This Libyan history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.

[:0-1] Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-3201-8.

[:1-2] الآن, تركيا (2021-02-24). "ذبحوا الأبناء الرضع لزعيم القبيلة: عن حرب العثمانيين وأولاد امحمد في ليبيا". تركيا الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-26.

[3] Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1971). A history of the Maghrib. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Eng.] University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07981-5.

[4] Willis, John R.; Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78017-3.

[5] Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.

[6] Martin, B. G. (January 1969). "Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzān: Notes on the political history of a Trade Route". The Journal of African History. 10 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1017/s0021853700009257. ISSN 0021-8537.

[7] ttps://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf (

[8] Flynn, Sébastien (2016-01-01). "The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and Kanem – Bornu During the Reign of Sultan Murad III – A Master's Thesis". Bilkent Master's Thesis.

[9] Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.

[10] "Libya - HISTORY".

[11] Trousset, P.; Despois, J.; Gauthier, Y.; Gauthier, Ch; E. B (1997-08-01). "Fezzân". Encyclopédie berbère (in French). 18 (18): 2777–2817. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2083. ISSN 1015-7344.

[12] "Libyan history".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

See also

References