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Pahari-Pothwari

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Pahari Pothwari
پہاڑی ،پوٹھوہاری
Poṭhohārī, Pahāṛī
Native toPakistan
RegionPothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and western parts of Jammu and Kashmir
Native speakers
several million[a]
Shahmukhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3phr
Glottologpaha1251  Pahari Potwari

Pahari Pothwari[b][c] is an Indo-Aryan language variety of the Lahnda group,[d] spoken in the northern half of Pothohar Plateau, in Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in the most of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. It is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are Pahari (English: /pəˈhɑːri/;[1] an ambiguous name also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and Pothwari (or Pothohari).

The language is transitional between Hindko and standard Punjabi and is mutually intelligible with both.[2] There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language,[3] although a local standard has not been established yet.[4]

Grierson in his early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India assigned it to a so-called "northern cluster" of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question.[5] In a sense all Lahnda varieties, and standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a "greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.[6]

Geographic distribution and dialects

Map
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60km
37miles
Baramulla
Srinagar
Bagh
Rajouri
Poonch
Jhelum
Murree
Mirpur
Gujarkhan
Bharakao
Abbottabad
Muzaffarabad
Azad Kashmir and surrounding areas with some of the locations mentioned in this section. Places where Pahari–Pothwari is spoken are in dark red.

There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari.[e]

The dialects are mutually intelligible,[7] but the difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (from Muzaffarabad and Mirpur respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding.[8]

Pothohar Plateau

Pothwari (پوٹھوہاری), also spelt Potwari, Potohari and Pothohari,[9] is spoken in the north-eastern portion of Pothohar Plateau of northern Punjab,[10] an area administratively within Rawalpindi division.[11] Pothwari is its most common name, and some call it Pindiwal Punjabi to differentiate it from the Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab.[12]

Pothwari extends southwards up to the Salt Range, with the city of Jhelum marking the border with Majha dialect. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, with Bharakao, near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins.[13] In Attock and Talagang districts of Pothohar, it comes in contact with other Lahnda varieties, namely Chacchi, Awankari and Ghebi. In Chakwal, yet another dialect is spoken, Dhani.[14]

Pothwari has been represented as a dialect of Punjabi by the Punjabi language movement,[4] and in census reports the Pothwari areas of Punjab have been shown as Punjabi-majority.[f]

Mirpur

East of the Pothwari areas, across the Jhelum River into Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir, the language is more similar to Pothwari than to the Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir.[15] Locally it is known by a variety of names:[g] Pahari, Mirpur Pahari, Mirpuri,[h] and Pothwari,[16] while some of its speakers call it Punjabi.[17] Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the Pothwari Punjabis.[18] The Mirpur region has been the source of the greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of the Mangla Dam in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England.[19] The British Mirpuri diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion.[20]

Kashmir, Murree and the Galyat

Pahari (پہاڑی) is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found around Murree.[21] This area is in the Galyat: the hill country of Murree Tehsil in the northeast of Rawalpindi District (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeastern Abbottabad District.[22] One name occasionally found in the literature for this language is Dhundi-Kairali (Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī), a term first used by Grierson[23] who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – the Kairal and the Dhund.[10] Its speakers call it Pahari in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as either Hindko or Ḍhūṇḍī.[24] Nevertheless, Hindko – properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – is generally regarded as a different language.[25] It forms a dialect continuum with Pahari,[10] and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko between Ayubia and Nathiagali.[26]

A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in the literature with this dialect are Pahari (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves), Chibhālī,[27] named after the Chibhal region[28] or the Chibh ethnic group,[11] and Pahari (Poonchi) (پونچھی, also spelt Punchhi). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to the district of Poonch,[29] or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir.[30] This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as a separate dialect from the one in Murree,[23] or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects.[31] The dialect of the district of Bagh, for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%).[32]

In Muzaffarabad the dialect shows lexical similarity[i] of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status.[33] The speakers however tend to call their language Hindko[34] and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west,[35] despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects of Abbottabad and Mansehra.[36] Further north into the Neelam Valley the dialect, now known locally as Parmi, becomes closer to Hindko.[37]

Pahari is also spoken further east across the Line of Control into the Pir Panjal mountains in Indian Jammu and Kashmir. The population, estimated at 1 million,[38] is found in the region between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers: most significantly in the districts of Poonch and Rajouri, to a lesser extent in neighbouring Baramulla and Kupwara,[39] and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the Partition of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.[40] Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.[41] This Pahari is sometimes conflated with the Western Pahari languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which include Bhadarwahi and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari.[42]

Diaspora

Pahari Pothwari is also very widely spoken in the United Kingdom. Labour shortages after World War II, and the displacement of peoples caused by the construction of the Mangla Dam, facilitated extensive migration of Pahari-Pothwari speakers to the UK during the 1950s and 1960s, especially from the Mirpur District. Academics estimate that between two thirds and 80% of people officially classified as British Pakistanis originate as part of this diaspora, with some suggesting that it is the second most spoken language of the United Kingdom, ahead of even Welsh, with hundreds of thousands of speakers.[43] However, since there is little awareness of the identity of the language among speakers,[44] census results do not reflect this.[45] The highest proportions of Pahari-Pothwari speakers are found in urban centres, especially the West Midlands conurbation and the West Yorkshire Built-up Area.[45]

Phonology

Vowels

Vowels of Pahari
Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close iː ĩː uː ũː
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Mid e eː ẽː ə o oː
Open æ æː aː ãː
Vowels of Pothwari
Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close i iː ĩ ĩː u uː ũ ũː
Mid e ẽ ɐ ɐ̃ o õ
Open ɑ ɑ̃

A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as [äː].[46]

Consonants

Consonants of Pahari[47]
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t̪ t t͡ʃ k
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ tʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced v z ɣ ɦ
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant l j
Tap/Trill r ɽ
Consonants of Pothwari[46]
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar/
Uvular 		Glottal
Stop voiceless p t ʈ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɖʱ ɡʱ
Affricate voiceless t͡s
aspirated t͡sʰ
voiced d͡z
Fricative voiceless (f) s ʃ (χ) h
voiced v z (ʒ) (ʁ)
Nasal m n ɳ
Approximant l ɭ j
Tap/Trill r ɽ
  • Sounds [f, ʒ, χ, ʁ, q] are heard from Persian and Arabic loanwords.
  • /h/ is realized as voiced [ɦ] in word-initial position.
  • /n/ before a velar consonant can be heard as [ŋ].[46]

Morphology

Nouns

Case table

Extended masculine forms can be realised as being added the oblique forms ending in -e, which is shortened to -i- (phonetically [e̯]) before back vowels and is lost before front vowels.

Pahari-Pothwari case endings
Class Gender Number Direct Oblique Vocative Ablative Locative Instrumental
Extended Masculine Singular ā e iā iū̃ e
Plural e iāñ io n/a ī̃
Feminine Singular ī īe īū̃ e
Plural īā̃ īo n/a ī̃
Unextended Masculine Singular Ø ai ā ū̃ e
Plural āñ o n/a ī̃
Feminine Singular ai e ū̃ e
Plural āñ o n/a ī̃
Pahari-Pothwari case endings on a noun
class gender number direct oblique vocative ablative locative instrumental
extended form masculine singular kuttā kutte kuttiā kuttiū̃ kutte
plural kutte kuttiā̃ kuttio
feminine singular kuttī kuttīe
plural kuttīā̃ kuttīo
unextended forms masculine singular ghar ghare gharā gharū̃ ghare
plural ghar gharā̃ gharo gharī̃
feminine singular gall galle galle gallū̃ galle
plural gallā̃ gallo gallī̃

Notes:

  • Extended nouns generally end in -ā for masculine and -ī for feminine in the direct singular forms.
Irregular Oblique Forms

Pahari-Pothwari has unique forms for nouns in oblique cases. This is not observed in standard Punjabi, but is seen in Hindko.[48]

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi
Shahmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi Transliteration
housework گھرے نا کمّ Ghare nā kamm گھر دا کمّ Ghar dā kamm
dinner راتی نی روٹی Rātī nī roṭī رات دی روٹی Rāt dī roṭī
in a young age نِکّی عُمرے وِچ Nikkī umre vicc نِکّی عُمر وِچّ Nikkī umr vicc
on my heart مھاڑے دِلّے اپّر Mhāṛe dille appar میرے دِل تے Mere dil te
with care دھیاݨے نال Dhyāṇe nāl دھیان نال Dhyān nāl
patiently ارامے نال Arāme nāl ارام نال Arām nāl
to my sister بھیݨُوں کی Bhaiṇūñ kī بھین نُوں Bhaiṇ nūñ
for my brother بھراُو واسطے Bhrāū vāste بھرا واسطے Bhrā vāste
important detail کمّے نی گلّ Kamme nī gall کمّ دی گلّ Kamm dī gall
there's no accounting for taste شَونقے نا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوݨا Shaunqe koī mul nahīñ hoṇā شَونق دا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوندا Shaunq koī mul nahīñ hondā
understand the point گلّے کی سمجھ Galle kī samjh گلّ نُوں سمجھ Gall nūñ samjh

Pronominal suffixes

Pahari-Pothwari Pronominal forms are:

romanisation
singular plural
2nd person -ī -ne
3rd person -s -ne

Examples:

English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
alright, what did he say next? (3.p.s.)

ہالا فیر کے آخیا ہیس/ہس؟

Halā fer ke ākhyā hais/has
are your hands and feet broken? (2.p.p.)

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے / ترُٹّے نی؟

Hatth pair bhajje truṭṭe nī
I'm bringing it for you (2.p.s.)

ایہہ میں تہاڑے واسطے آݨنا ای

Eh maiñ tuhāṛe wāste āṇnā ī
did you eat? (2.p. respectful)

روٹی کھادی نے؟

Roṭī khādī ne
he didn't even bother this much (3.p.s.)

اتنا وی نہیں٘س آخیا

Itnā vī nahīñs ākhyā

Pronouns

Full pronoun tables

Pahari-Pothwari personal pronouns
person number direct oblique dative genitive
1st person singular mẽ mikī mhārā
plural as asā̃ asā̃-kī sāhṛā
2nd person singular tū̃ tukī tahṛā/tuhāṛā
plural tus tusā̃ tusā̃-kī tusā̃-nā
3rd person near singular é is is-kī is-nā
plural ehnā̃ ehnā̃-kī ehnā̃-nā
remote singular ó us us-kī us-nā
plural ohnā̃ ohnā̃-kī ohnā̃-nā

Verbs

Adding "i" to root form of verb

A peculiar feature of Pahari-Pothwari is to end the basic root form of verbs with an "i" sound.[49]

English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
it happened ہوئی گیا Hoī gyā
it may be possible ہوئی سکنا اے Hoī saknā ai
together رلی مِلی تے Ralī milī te
finish it مُکائی چھوڑ Mukāī choṛ
look تکّی گھِنو Takkī ghinno
come back after having lunch روٹی کھائی تے مُڑی اچھِیں Roṭī khāī te muṛī achhī̃
eat it کھائی گھِن Khāī Ghin
sit quietly for once کدے ٹِکی تے بہی وی جُلیا کر Kade ṭikī te bahī vī julyā kar

Future tense

The future tense in Pothwari is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi gā.[50]

This tense is also used in other western Punjabi dialects such as the Jatki dialects, Shahpuri, Jhangochi and Dhanni, as well as in and Hindko and Saraiki.[51]

English Pahari-Pothwari Eastern Punjabi
Shahmukhi transliteration Shahmukhi transliteration
I will do مَیں کرساں mãi karsāñ مَیں کرانگا mãi karāngā
we will do اَساں کرساں asā̃ karsāñ اَسِیں کرانگے asī̃ karānge
you will do (s) تُوں کرسَیں tū̃ karsaiñ تُوں کریں گا tū̃ karaiñgā
you will do (p) تُساں کرسو tusā̃ karso تُسِیں کروگے tusī̃ karoge
he/she will do اوه کَرسی ó karsī اوه کرے گا ó karega
they will do اوہ کرسن ó karsan اوه کرݨ گے ó karaṇge

This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry:[52]

Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کرسَیں, سو کُجھ پاسَیں

Transliteration: jo kujh karsãĩ, so kujh pāsãĩ

Translation: whatsoever you do, is what you shall gain[53]

Continuous tense

Similar to other Punjabi varieties, Pothwari uses peyā (past tense form of pēṇā) to signify the continuous tense.[54]

Present Continuous

English Pahari-Pothwari
transliteration Shahmukhi
I am doing (m.) mē̃ karnā peyā ā̃̀ میں کرنا پیا ہاں
we are doing (m./mixed) asā̃ karne pa'e ā̃̀ اساں کرنے پئے ہاں
you are doing (sing., m.) tū̃ karna peya aĩ̀ تُوں کرنا پیا ہیں
you are doing (sing., f.) tū̃ karnī paī aĩ̀ تُوں کرنی پئی ہیں
you are doing (plural, m./mixed) tusā̃ karne pa'e ò تُساں کرنے پئے ہو
he is doing ó karna peya aì اوہ کرنا پیا ہے
she is doing ó karnī paī aì اوہ کرنی پئی ہے
they are doing (m.) ó karne pa'e ìn اوہ کرنے پئے ہِن
they are doing (f.) ó karniyā̃ paiyā̃ ìn اوہ کرنیاں پئیاں ہِن

Genitive marker

The genitive marker in Pahari-Pothwari is represented through the use of nā (ਨਾ / نا) as opposed to dā (ਦਾ / دا) in common Punjabi.[55]

  • The phrase: lokkā̃ dā (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ / لوکاں دا), meaning "people's" or "of the people" in Pahari-Pothwari, would become lokkā̃ nā (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨਾ / لوکاں نا)

It should also be noted that in Pahari-Pothwari, the present form of verb does not end with the standard dā sound either, and is replaced with nā. This means that ākhdā would be ākhnā in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to say" and similarly the word takkdā would be takknā in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to look/to watch".

English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
we come اساں اچھنے آں

 

Asāñ acchne āñ
what do you say? تُوں کے آخنا ایں؟ Tūñ ke ākhnā eñ
the things I do جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں Jahiṛe kamm main̄ karnā āñ

For example:

  • miki eh nih si cāhinā (میکی ایہہ نِیہ سی چاہینا), meaning "this is not what I wanted"
  • oh kai pyā ākhnā ae? (اوہ کے پیا آخنا ہے؟), meaning "what is he saying?"
  • This also affects the passive tense: is tarhā̃ nih ākhī nā (اِس طرحاں نہیں آخی نا), instead of "ākhee dā", meaning "that's not how it should be said"

Dative and definite object marker

The dative and definite object marker in Pahari-Pothwari is kī (ਕੀ /کی).

The phrase: "to the people" would be lokkā̃ kī (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਕੀ / لوکاں کی) in Pahari-Pothwari.

Numbering system

Pahari-Pothwari follows the numbering traditions of standard Punjabi. A point of departure from eastern Punjabi dialects occurs in the use of trai (ترَے) instead of tinn (تِنّ) for "three". Other western Punjabi dialects also tend to use trai over tinn.[56]

English Pahari-Pothwari
numbers numerals transliteration Shahmukhi numerals
one 1 ikk اِکّ ۱
two 2 do دو ۲
three 3 trai ترَے ۳
four 4 chār چار ۴
five 5 panj پَنج ۵
six 6 che چھے ۶
seven 7 satt سَتّ ۷
eight 8 aṭṭh اَٹّھ ۸
nine 9 nau نَو ۹
ten 10 das دَس ۱۰

Ordinals

English Pahari-Pothwari
ordinals Shahmukhi transliteration
First پہلا Pehlā
Second دووا Dūwā
Third تریا Trīyā
Fourth چوتھا Chautthā

Vocabulary

General verbs

A majority of the general verbs between Pahari-Pothwari and most other dialects of Punjabi appear to be the same.[57]

Pahari-Pothwari general verbs
English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
taking out کڈھّݨا Kaḍḍhṇā
taking off لاہݨا Lāhṇā
applying لاݨا Lāṇā
decreasing گھٹّݨا Ghaṭṭṇā
jumping چھال مارنی Chāl mārnī
agreeing منّݨا Mannaṇā
hesitating جھکّݨا Jhakkṇā
forgetting بھُلّݨا Bhullaṇā
wearing / pouring باݨا Bāṇā
lying / to be poured پَیݨا Paiṇā
sitting بہݨا Bahiṇā
breaking بھنّݨا یا تروڑنا Bhannaṇā yā troṛnā
returning موڑنا Moṛnā
flipping پرتاݨا Paratāṇā
seeing تکݨا Takkṇā
to be seen دِسّݨا Dissṇā
telling دسّݨا Dassṇā
saying آخݨا Ākhṇā
running نسّݨا Nassṇā
falling ڈھیہݨا Ḍhehṇā
slipping تِلکݨا Tilkaṇā
chewing چِتھّݨا Citthṇā
coughing کھنگھݨا Khanghṇā
raising چاڑھنا Cāṛhnā
coming اچھݨا Acchṇā
walking ٹُرنا Ṭurnā
pulling چھِکّݨا Chikkṇā
passing لنگھّݨا Langhṇā
capturing مَلّݨا Mallṇā
cooling ٹھارنا Ṭhārnā
obtaining لبھّݨا Labbhṇā
lighting up بالݨا Bālṇā
cooking رِنھّݨا Rinnhṇā
tying بنھّݨا Bannhṇā
roasting بھُنّݨا Bhunnaṇā
slaughtering کوہݨا Kohṇā
identifying سیاݨنا Siyāṇnā
throwing سٹّݨا Saṭṭṇā
losing ہرنا Harnā
entering بڑنا Baṛnā
crumbling بھورنا Bhornā
covering کجّݨا Kajjṇā
dividing ونڈݨا Wanḍaṇā
stuffing / thrusting تُنّݨا Tunnaṇā
pressing منڈݨا Manḍaṇā
vexing کھپاݨا Khapāṇā
spreading کھِلارنا Khilārnā
to be stolen کھُسّݨا Khussṇā
blowing پھُوکݨا Phūkṇā
dusting off چھنڈݨا Chanḍṇā
mixing رلݨا Ralṇā
drying سُکّݨا Sukkṇā
hanging لمکݨا Lamkṇā
boiling کاڑھنا Kāṛhnā
spilling ڈولھݨا Ḍolhṇā
shining لِشکݨا Lishkṇā
plastering / coating لِنبݨا Lanbṇā
maintaining سانبھݨا Sānbhṇā
taking along کھڑنا Khaṛnā

The passives forms are:

  • bhanṅa (to break) and bhajjṅa (to be broken)
  • bhunṅa (to roast) and bhujjṅa (to be roasted)
  • rinnhṅa (to cook) and rijjhṅa (to be cooked)
  • dolhṅa (to spill) and dullhṅa (to be spilt)
  • lāhṅa (to take off) and lehṅa (to descend/come off)
  • laveṛna (to besmear) and livaṛna (to be besmeared)

The irregular past tense forms are:

Differences in brackets.

  • khādhā
  • pītā
  • dittā
  • kītā
  • suttā
  • moeā
  • seāṅtā
  • latthā
  • ḍhaṭṭhā
  • baddhā
  • nahātā
  • dhotā
  • khaltā e.g.: miki saṛke apar khalteon addhā ghantā hoi gya sā
  • baṅtā e.g.: chāʼ kadū̃ ni banti hoi ae
  • guddhā

nā and khā̃ (emphatics)

  • gall suṅeṉ na "please listen"
  • gall suṅ khā̃ "listen up!"

Word for sleep

Forms of the verb to sleep
English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
to sleep سَیݨا Saiṇā
has slept  

سئی ریہا

Saī rehā
he is sleeping

اوہ سَیݨا اے پیا

Oh saiṇā ai pyā
asleep سُتّا پیا Suttā pyā
having slept /

while asleep

سُتّیوں Sutteyūñ
after sleeping سئی تے Saī te
go to sleep سئی گو

سئی جا سئی روہ

Saī go

Saī jā, saī roh

he is to sleep اوہ سئے Oh sae
putting to sleep

سن٘واولݨا

Sañwāwlṇā

Adjectives

Adjectives
English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
difficult اوکھا Aukhā
easy سَوکھا Saukhā
small نِکّا Nikkā
large بڑا / بڈّا Baṛā/Baḍḍā
unfamiliar اوپرا Oprā
new نوَاں Nawāñ
old پراݨاں Purāṇāñ
straight سِدھّا Siddhā
inverted پُٹھّا Puṭṭhā
crooked ڈِنگّا Ḍinggā
high اُچّا Uccā
low نِیواں Nīwāñ
good چنگا Cangā
bad ماڑا / مندا Māṛā/Mandā
very bad بھَیڑا Bhaiṛā
heavy بھارا Bhārā
light (weight) ہَولا Haulā
narrow سَوڑا Sauṛā
open کھُلھّا Khullhā
firm پِیڈا Pīḍā
loose ڈھِلّا Ḍhillā
late چِرکا Cirkā
on time ویلے نال Vele nāl
red رتّا لال Rattā lāl
crimson سُوہا کھٹّ Sūhā ghuṭṭ
white چِٹّا دُدھّ Ciṭṭā duddh
black کالا شاہ Kālā shāh
yellow پِلّا زرد Pīlā zard
sweet مِٹھّا Miṭṭhā
bitter کَوڑا Kauṛā
slow مٹھّا Maṭṭhā
well بلّ Ball
empty سکھّݨاں Sakkhṇāñ
filled بھریا Bharyā
dry سُکّا / آٹھریا Sukkā/Āthrīyā
wet گِلّا / بھِجّا Gillā/bhijjā
hot تتّا Tattā
cold ٹھڈّا Ṭhaḍḍā
hungry بھُکھّا Bhukkhā
fed رجّیا پُجّیا Rajjyā pujjyā
smart سیاݨا Syāṇā
fool جھلّا Jhallā
deep ڈُونگھا Ḍūngha鎔
beautiful سوہݨاں Sohṇā
ugly کوجھا Kojhā
evil لُچّا Luccā
faux naïf مِیسݨا Mīsṇā

Family relations

The names of family relations are:

Relations
English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
mother, father ماں پیو Māñ pio
son, daughter دھِیاں پُتّر Dhīyāñ puttr
brother, sister بھَیݨاں بھرا Bhaiṇāñ bhrā
elder brother بھاپا Bhāpā
husband گھر الا / جݨا / خسم Ghar ālā/jaṇā/khasam
wife گھر آلی / زنانی Ghar ālī/zanānī
grandsons, granddaughters (from son) پوترے پوترِیاں Potre potrīyāñ
grandsons, granddaughters (from daughter) دوترے دوترِیاں Dotre dotrīyāñ
son-in-law جوائی Jawāī
daughter-in-law نوں٘ہہ Nūñh
mother-in-law سسّ Sass
father-in-law سوہرا Sohrā
husband's sister نناݨ Nanāṇ
sister's husband بھݨوئیا Bhan̄oīyā
brother's wife بھرجائی Bharjāī
father's brother, father's sister چاچا / پُپھّی Cācā/phupphī
father's brother's wife چاچی Cācī
father's sister's husband پُھپھّڑ Phupphṛā
mother's brother, mother's sister ماما / ماسی Māmā/māsī
mother's brother's wife مامی Māmī
mother's sister's husband ماسڑ Māsaṛ
cousin from father's brother چچیر / داد پوترا Cacer/dād potrā
cousin from father's sister پھُپھیر Phuppher
cousin from mother's brother ملویر Malwer
cousin from mother's sister مسیر Maser

Body part names

Names of body parts are:

Body parts
English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
eyes اکھِّیاں Akkhīyāñ
head سِر Sir
forehead متھّا Matthā
eyelashes پِمݨِیاں Pimṇīyāñ
eyebrows بھروٹّے Bharwaṭṭe
eyelids چھپّر Chappar
eyeballs آنّے Ānne
ears کنّ Kann
arms باہاں Bāhāñ
throat سنگھ Sangh
neck دھَوݨ Dhauṇ
shoulders موڈھے Moḍhe
elbow ارک Arak
nails نَونہہ Nauñh
hands ہتھّ Hatth
fingers انگلاں Angalāñ
belly ڈھِڈّ Dhiḍḍ
waist لکّ Lakk
legs لتّاں Lattāñ
knees گوڈے Goḍe
ankles گِٹّے Giṭṭe
feet پَیر Pair
palm تلّی Tallī
teeth دند Dand
molars ہݨیوں Haṇyūñ
tongue جِیبھ Jībh
nose نکّ Nakk
nostrils ناساں Nāsāñ
face مونہہ Mūñh
back کنڈ Kanḍ
hips ڈھاکاں Ḍhākāñ
hip bone چُوکݨا Cokṇā

Words for "coming" and "going"

The Pahari-Pothwari word for "coming" is acchṇā, whereas for "going" gacchṇā, julṇā and jāṇā are used.[49]

English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
I am coming میں اچھنا پیا ہاں Main̄ acchnā pyā hāñ
I am going میں گچھنا پیا ہاں

میں جُلنا پیا ہاں

Maiñ gacchnā pyā hāñ

Maiñ julnā pyā hāñ

I don't understand میکی سمجھ نِیہ اچھنی پئی Mekī samjh nahī acchnī paī
I will leave tomorrow میں کلّ گیساں

میں کلّ جُلساں

Maiñ kall gyāsāñ

Maiñ kall julsāñ

we are going for work اساں کمّے اپّر جُلے ہاں Asāñ kamme appar julne hāñ
it happens ہوئی گچھنا ہے

ہوئی جُلنا ہے

ہوئی جانا ہے

Hoī gacchnā hai

Hoī julnā hai Hoī jānā hai

sit down بہی جُل

بہی گچھ

بہی جا

Bahī jul

Bahī gacch Bahī jā

I will take him along اُسکی وی نال گھِنی گیساں

اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جُلساں

Uskī vī nāl ghinnī gesāñ

Uskī vī nāl ghinnī julsāñ

The imperative for gacchṇā is both gacch and gau.

Adverbs and post-positions

Adverbs and post-positions
English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
which (relative) جہڑا Jahiṛā
which (interogative) کہڑا Kahiṛā
if جے Je
and تے Te
near نیڑے Neṛe
distant پرھاں Parhāñ
before / previously اگّے Agge
hence / thus تاں مارے Tāñ māre
exactly why تاں ای Tān̄ ī
first پہلوں Pahilūñ
once اِکّ واری Ikk vārī
now ہُن hun
just now ہُنے / میسں hunne/Mesañ
right at that time اوسے ویلے Ose vele
sometimes کدے Kade
somewhere کِرے / کُرے Kire/Kure
when کدوں Kadūñ
like this (adv.) ایوں / اِنج / اِسراں Ayūñ/Inj/Isrāñ
like this (adj.) ایہے جیہا Īhe jehā
exactly this / only this ایہے Īhe
above اَپّر Appar
below تھلّے / بُن Thalle/bun
from below تھلّوں Thallūñ
right سجّے Sajje
left کھبّے Khabbe
within وِچّ Vicc
from within وِچّّوں Viccūñ
between وِشکار Vishkār
from توں / سوں / کولں Tūñ/Sūñ/Kolūñ
from the front اگّوں Aggūñ
from behind پِچھوں، مگروں Picchūñ/Magrūñ
in comparison کولوں / نالوں Kolūñ/Nālūñ
with (utility) نال Nāl
furthermore نالے Nāle
yet / still حالے / اجے Hāle/Ajje
with (possession) کول Kol
along / including سݨے Saṇe
ٰeverywhere چوہاں پاسے Cohāñ pāse
properly چنگی طرحاں Cangī tarhāñ
harshly ڈاہڈا Ḍāhḍā
with ease سوکھا Saukhā
with difficulty اوکھا Aukhā
lest متے Matte
who knows خورے Khore
very بہُوں Bahūñ
enough بتیرا Baterā
less گھٹّ Ghaṭṭ
alone کلھیوں Kallhyūñ
together کٹھّیوں Kaṭṭhyūñ
again مُڑی تے Muṛī te
repeatedly مُڑی مُڑی Muṛī muṛī
eventually ہَولے ہَولے Haule Haule
quickly بہلی Bahilī
this much (quality.) ایڈا Eḍā
this much (quantity.) ہیتݨاں Hetṇān̄
alright / okay / oh ہلا Halā

Causative verbs

Pahari-Pothwari causative verbs end with -ālnā.[58] This feature also exists in the eastern Majhi dialect. (e.g.: vikhālṇā)

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi Jatki Hindi
to cause to eat کھوالݨا کھواوݨا खिलाना
to cause to drink پیالݨا پیاوݨا پِواوݨا पिलाना
to cause to bathe نہوالݨا نہواوݨا नहलाना
to cause to wash دھوالݨا دھواوݨا धुलना
to cause to cry رووالنا رواوݨا रुलाना
to cause to sleep سوالݨا سواوݨا सुलाना
to cause to sit بہالݨا بہاوݨا बिठाना
to cause to stand اُٹھالݨا اُٹھاوݨا उठाना

Not all causative verbs are formed like this, e.g. to play -kheṛṇā to khaṛāṇa,

Words used for "taking" and "bringing"

Commonly observed in the Lahnda dialects is the use of ghinṇā (گھِننا)[59][60] and ānṇā (آننا)[61][62] instead of the eastern Punjabi words laiṇā (لَینا) and lyāṇā (لیانا).

Notice how ghin āo becomes ghini achho, and ghin ghidā becomes ghini ghidā in accordance with Pothwari grammar and vocabulary.

English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Hindko Saraiki
Shahpuri/Jhangochi Dhanni
from tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today کلّ سوں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
take him along as well اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو
they took it from me as well اُنھاں مھاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
he is bringing اوہ آݨنا پیا ہے اوہ لیاندا پیا ہے اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے اوہ آݨدا پیا ہے اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے
we will also have to bring them back اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
eat it کھائی گھِن کھا لَے کھا گھِن کھا گھِن کھا گھِن
bring it

brought it

چائی آݨو

چائی آݨنا


چا لیاؤ

چا لیاندا

چا آݨو

چا اݨیندا


چا آݨو

چا اݨدا


چا آݨو

چا اݨیندا

take it

took it

چائی گھِنو

چائی گھِدا

چا لوو

چا لیا

چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا

چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا

چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا

he will take him along اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی گیسی/ جُلسی/ جاسی اوہ ایہنُوں نال لَے ویسی

اوہ ایہنُوں لے جاسی

اوہ ایہنُوں نال گھِن ویسی اوہ اِساں نال گھِن جُلسی اوہ اِیکُوں نال گھِن ویسی

Interrogative words

English Pahari-Pothwari
Shahmukhi Transliteration
why کِیاں Kīyā̃
where کتھے Kutthe
whither کُدھّر Kuddhar
who کُݨ Kuṇ
what? کے Ke
English Pahari-Pothwari Punjabi(Jatki) Hindko Saraiki
Shahmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi Transliteration
very / much بُہو Bahūñ بہُوں Bahūñ بہُوں Bahūñ بہُوں Bahūñ
go to sleep سئی گو saī go سَیں ونج Saiñ vanj سَیں جُل Sen̄ jul سم ونج Sam vanj
alright / okay ہلا Halā ہلا Halā ہلا Halā ہلا Halā
boy جاکت / جاتک Jākat/Jātak جاتک / چھوہر Jātak/Chohar جندک Jandak چھُوہر Chohur
what is his name? کے ناں اُسنا؟ Ke nāñ usnā? کیہ/کے ناں اُس؟ Keh/ke nāñ us? کے ناں اُس؟ Ke nāñ us? کیا ناں اُس؟ Kyā nāñ us?
take گھِنو Ghinno لَوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)

گھِنو (دھنی)

Lawo(Jhangochī/Shāhpūrī)

Ghino(Dhanī)

گھِنو Ghinno گھِنو Ghinno
bring آݨو Āṇo لیاوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)

آنو (دھنی)

Lyāwo(Jhangochī/Shahpūrī)

Āno(Dhanī)

آنو Āno آنو Āno
he speaks like us اوہ اساں آر بولنا اے Oh asāñ ār bolnā ai اوہ ساڈے آر بولیندا اے Oh sāḍe ār bolendā ai اوہ اساں آر بولدا اے Oh asāñ ār boldā ai اوہ ساڈے آر الیندا اے Oh sāḍe ār alendā ai
let's go آ جُلِیَے Ā julyā آ چلِیئے/جُلِیے Aclīye/juliye آ جُلاں Ā julāñ آ جُلُوں Ā julūñ
lift / raise چاؤ Cāo چاوو Cawo چاؤ Cāo چاوو Cawo
life حیاتی Hyātī حیاتی Hyātī حیاتی Hyātī حیاتی Hyātī

Notes

  1. ^ Baart (2003, p. 10) provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 9) estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in Ethnologue (2017) to be about 1 million as of 2000.
  2. ^ Pahari: پَہاڑِی, romanized: pahāṛī, pronounced [pɐ̯ˈäː˥˩.ɽi(ː)]
  3. ^ Pothohari: پوٹھوہارِی, romanized: poṭhohārī, pronounced [poˑʈ̆.ʈʰo̯ˈä˥˩.ɾi(ː)]
  4. ^ There is no consensus among linguists or Pahari-Pothwari speakers in terms of its status as a dialect of Punjabi or a separate language entirely. For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.
  5. ^ According to Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 2). Abbasi (2010, p. 104) adds as a fourth dialect the Poonchi spoken from Poonch to the Neelam Valley. Yet another classification is reportedly presented in Karnai (2007).
  6. ^ For example, according to the 1981 census report for Rawalpindi District, 85.1% of households had Punjabi as mother tongue. In any census, only a small number of major languages have been counted separately, and there has not been a separate option available for either Pahari or Pothwari.
  7. ^ One language activist from the diaspora in Britain "[has] said that he does not give the language a single name because those who speak the language call it many different things." (Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 3).
  8. ^ Some, at least in the British diaspora, consider this term to be a misnomer if applied to the language. (Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 3).
  9. ^ The similarity between wordlists containing 217 items of basic vocabulary from each location. (Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 15–16)

References

  1. ^ "Pahari". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Hussain, Qandeel (31 December 2020). "Punjabi (India and Pakistan) – Language Snapshot". Language Documentation and Description. 19: 144. doi:10.25894/ldd71. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  3. ^ Masica 1991, p. 440.
  4. ^ a b Shackle 1983, p. 183.
  5. ^ Shackle 1979, p. 201: Pothohari "is often so close to Panjabi that any attempt to maintain the Lahndi scheme ought probably to reckon it as 'Lahndi merging into Panjabi'."
  6. ^ Rahman, Tariq (1 January 1995). "The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan". Language Problems and Language Planning. 19 (1): 16. doi:10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah. ISSN 0272-2690.
  7. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 2.
  8. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 86. Speakers from Muzaffarabad "consider the Mirpur dialect different enough that it is difficult to understand."
  9. ^ The alternative English spellings are from Ethnologue (2017).
  10. ^ a b c Abbasi & Asif 2010, p. 201.
  11. ^ a b Grierson 1919, p. 432.
  12. ^ John, Asher (2009). "Two dialects one region : a sociolinguistic approach to dialects as identity markers". CardinalScholar 1.0.
  13. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2–3, 19, 112.
  14. ^ Shackle 1980.
  15. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2012, pp. 12, 26. At least in terms of lexical similarity..
  16. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2–3, 5, 19, 100.
  17. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 44.
  18. ^ Shackle 2007, p. 114.
  19. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 1.
  20. ^ Hussain 2015, pp. 483–84.
  21. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 23.
  22. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 5.
  23. ^ a b Abbasi 2010, p. 104.
  24. ^ Hindko according to Lothers & Lothers (2010, pp. 5, 39) and Dhundi according to Grierson (1919, p. 495). Pahari is reported in both sources.
  25. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 40, 126–27. The speakers of Pahari in Abbottabad District regard the Hindko of the city of Abbottabad as a different language.
  26. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 40.
  27. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 5, 8.
  28. ^ Grierson 1919, p. 505.
  29. ^ Grierson 1919, p. 505 and corresponding map.
  30. ^ Abbasi 2010, p. 104; Abbasi & Asif 2010, pp. 201–202
  31. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, sec. 3.1. The varieties surveyed here are from Bagh and Muzaffarabad.
  32. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 24. The wordlists that form the basis of this comparison are from the variety of Neela Butt.
  33. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 24–25.
  34. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 26, 80.
  35. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 108, 110.
  36. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 24.
  37. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 26; Akhtar & Rehman 2007, p. 68. The conclusion is similarly based on lexical similarity and the comparison is with the Hindko of the Kaghan Valley on one hand and with the Pahari of the Murre Hills on the other.
  38. ^ A 2000 estimate reported in Ethnologue (2017)
  39. ^ Singh 2014, p. 18; Bhat 2014, ch. 1, pp. 38, 40
  40. ^ Lists of regions and settlements are found in Bhat (2014, ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44) and Kour (2014).
  41. ^ "The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  42. ^ Kaul 2006, pp. 42, 256–8.
  43. ^ Hussain 2015.
  44. ^ Nazir, Farah. "What is the name of my language?". University of Oxford: Creative Multilingualism. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  45. ^ a b "Language, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  46. ^ a b c Kogan, Anton I. (2011). Potxoxari Jazyk. Tatiana I. Oranskaya and Yulia V. Mazurova and Andrej A. Kibrik and Leonid I. Kulikov and Aleksandr Y. Rusakov (eds.), Jazyki Mira: Novye Indoarijskie Jazyki: Moskva: Academia. pp. 516–527.
  47. ^ Khan, Abdul Qadir (2013). A Preliminary Study of Pahari Language and its Sound System. pp. 1–20.
  48. ^ Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Government Press. p. 9. In the dialect of the Salt Range many nouns, and especialy monosyllables ending in a consonant, to form the absolute singular, add to the absolute form an e if masculine, and an i or u if feminine.
  49. ^ a b Tahir, Shiraz (2016). Shiraz ul Lughat. Peshawar: Gandhara Hindko Board. ISBN 978-969-687-010-4.
  50. ^ "Lahnda Structure". Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved from http://lisindia.ciil.org/Lahnda/lah_struct.html. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  51. ^ Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Government Press. p. 50. The future tense is formed by adding to the root the letter -s with the general personal endings
  52. ^ Shah, Bulleh. "Uth jaag ghurarry mar nhen". Folk Punjab (in Punjabi). Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  53. ^ Shah, Bulleh. "اُٹھ جاگ گُھراڑے مار نہیں". Folk Punjab (in Punjabi). Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  54. ^ Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Government Press. p. 54. me venda pyā̃, me kamm pya karendā̃.
  55. ^ Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Printing Press. the genitive postposition (of) is nā instead of dā...These characteristics are also found in the dialects spoken In the western tehsils of the Rawalpindi District as far north as Attack, and probably in the intervening tahsils of the Jehlam District
  56. ^ Bailey, Thomas Grahame (2013). Languages of the Northern Himalayas: Being Studies In The Grammar Of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects. Cambridge University Press.
  57. ^ Tahir, Shiraz (2016). Shiraz ul Lughat. Peshawar: Gandhara Hindko Board. ISBN 978-969-687-010-4.
  58. ^ Salah-ud-Din, Iqbal (2002). Vaḍḍī Panjābī lughat: Panjābī tūn Panjābī. Aziz Publishers. Retrieved 26 October 2023 – via dsal.uchicago.edu. کھوالن مصدر کھواون.
  59. ^ Singh, Maya (1895). The Panjabi dictionary. Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons. Retrieved 21 October 2023 – via dsal.uchicago.edu. GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take
  60. ^ Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Government Press. p. 1. Ghinn for Le (Take).
  61. ^ A. Jukes (1900). Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language. Lahore: Religious Book and Tract Society. p. 22. آننْڑ / Anan, v. t. To bring.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  62. ^ Salah-ud-Din, Iqbal (2002). Vaḍḍī Panjābī lughat: Panjābī tūn Panjābī. Aziz Publishers. Retrieved 21 October 2023 – via dsal.uchicago.edu.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Karnai, Mian Karim Ullah (2007). Pahari aor Urdu: ik taqabali jaiza (in Urdu). Islamabad: National Language Authority.
  • Nazir, Farah (2014). Light Verb Constructions in Potwari (PhD). University of Manchester.
Pahari-Pothwari test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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