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Comparison of Java virtual machines

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Version information

[edit]
Name Creator First public release Latest stable version Latest release date Cost, availability License
Eclipse OpenJ9 (formerly IBM J9) IBM 15 Mar 2018[1] 0.54.0 Edit this on Wikidata 12 August 2025; 2 months ago (12 August 2025) Free Eclipse Public License 2.0
Apache License 2.0
GCJ GNU 6 September 1998 6.4 (Terminal) 4 July 2017 Free GPL version 2 or later, with the "libgcc exception"[2]
GraalVM Oracle May 2019 Oracle GraalVM for JDK 24 Edit this on Wikidata 18 March 2025; 7 months ago (18 March 2025) Free GPL version 2 only
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition Sun Microsystems, Oracle 27 April 1999 jdk-16 16 March 2021 Free GPL version 2 only
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition Sun Microsystems, Oracle 27 April 1999 jdk 16 16 March 2021 Free Proprietary
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition Sun Microsystems, Oracle 27 April 1999 ? ? Commercial Proprietary[3]
HotSpot, Zero port Gary Benson[4] ? ? ? Free GPL version 2 only
IKVM Jeroen Frijters 28 June 2004 8.14.0 Edit this on Wikidata 1 October 2025; 19 days ago (1 October 2025) Free zlib License[5]
JAmiga Peter Werno, Joakim Nordström 19 May 2005[6] 1.2 6 January 2014 Free GPL version 2 or later
JamVM Robert Lougher 13 March 2003 2.0.0 30 July 2014 Free GPL version 2 or later
Jato VM Pekka Enberg and contributors[7] ? 0.3[8] 4 January 2012[8] Free GPL version 2 only[7]
JC virtual machine Archie L. Cobbs ? 1.4.7 13 November 2005 Free LGPL version 2.1 or later
Jikes RVM IBM 14 October 2001 3.1.4[9] 18 February 2016[9] Free Eclipse Public License version 1.0[10]
Kaffe Transvirtual Technologies 1996 1.1.9 22 February 2008 Free GPL version 2 or later[11]
Mysaifu JVM ? 16 April 2005[12] 0.4.8[12] 5 March 2010[12] Free GPL version 2 only[12]
SableVM Sable Research Group ? 1.13 30 March 2007[13] Free LGPL version 2.1 or later

Technical information

[edit]
JVM Status Latest supported Java version Supported class libraries Performance
GNU Classpath OpenJDK Other Interpretation AOT JIT
GCJ No longer maintained or distributed by GNU as of GCC 7[14] ? Yes No Yes Yes No
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition Reference implementation. 1.8 No Yes Yes No Yes
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition Reference implementation. 1.8 No Yes Yes No Yes
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition ? No Yes Yes No Yes
HotSpot, Zero port Interpreter-only port of OpenJDK using almost no assembly language and designed to be very portable. 1.7 No Yes Yes No No
IKVM 1.8[15] ? ? Depends on .NET runtime
JAmiga 1.4[16] Yes[17] No Yes[18] No No
JamVM 1.8[19] Yes[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] No Yes[20]
Jato VM 1.6[21] Yes[8] No[22] No[22] No[22] Yes[8]
JC virtual machine Translates Java to C and compiles it with a C compiler. 1.4[23] Yes[24] No Yes[25] Yes[25] Yes[25]
Jikes RVM 1.6[26] Yes[27] Port[28][29] Apache Harmony[27] No[30] ? Yes
Kaffe 1.4[11] Yes[11] No Yes[11] No[11] Yes[11]
Mysaifu JVM ? Yes[31] No Yes[32] No[32] No[32]
SableVM Unmaintained 1.4 Yes No Yes No No

Supported CPU architectures

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JVM x86 x86-64 SPARC MIPS Itanium Power ISA ARM Alpha S/390 z/Architecture m68k
GCJ Yes[33] Yes[33] Yes[33] Yes[33] Yes[33] Yes[33] Yes[33] Yes[33] Yes[33] No[33] No[33]
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition Yes[34] Yes[34] Solaris only[34] Port[35][36] No[34] PowerPC/AIX port[37] Yes[34] No[34] No[34] No[34] No[34]
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition Yes[34] Yes[34] Solaris only[34] No[34] Java 1.6[38] No[34] Yes[34] No[34] No[34] No[34] No[34]
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition Yes[3] Yes[3] Yes[3] ? ? Yes[3] Yes[3] ? ? ? ?
HotSpot, Zero port Yes[39] Yes[39] No[39] Yes[39] Yes[39] Yes[39] Yes[39] Yes[39] No[39] Yes[39] No[39]
IKVM Depends on .NET runtime
JAmiga ? ? No No No Yes No No No No Yes
JamVM Yes[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] No[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] No[20] No[20] No[20] No[20]
Jato VM Yes[8] Under development[40] No No No Under development[40] Preliminary ARMv5 support[22] No No No No
JC virtual machine Yes No No No No No No No No No No
Jikes RVM Yes[41] No[41] No[41] No[41] No[41] Yes[41] No[41] No[41] No[41] No[41] No[41]
Kaffe Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] No[11] Yes[11]
Mysaifu JVM No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] Yes[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42]
SableVM Yes[43] Yes Yes[43] Yes Yes[43] Yes[43] Yes[43] Yes[43] Yes[43] No[43] Yes[43]

Supported operating systems

[edit]
JVM Windows Linux FreeBSD NetBSD OpenBSD Solaris OpenSolaris Darwin macOS AIX IRIX Other
GCJ Yes[33] Yes[33] Yes[33] ? ? Yes[33] ? Yes[33] Yes[33] ? Yes[33] DEC OSF 4.0f and 5.1, Hitachi SH-3/4 micro-controller[33]
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition Yes[44] (distributed as source code) Yes Port[45] Port[45] Port[45] Yes Yes[46] ? Yes[47] Port[37] No OS/2port,[48] Haiku port[49]
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition Yes[34] Yes[34] No No No Yes[34] ? ? Yes[34] No No
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition Yes[3] Yes[3] No[3] No[3] No[3] Yes[3] ?[3] No[3] No[3] No[3] No[3]
HotSpot, Zero port No[39][50] Yes[39][50] No[39][50] No[39][50] No[39][50] No[39][50] No[39][50] No[39][50] No[39][50] No[39][50] No[39][50]
IKVM Depends on .NET runtime
JAmiga No No No No No No No No No No No AmigaOS
JamVM No[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] No[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] No[20] No[20] Jailbroken iPhone,[19] kFreeBSD
Jato VM No[40] Yes[40] No[40] No[40] No[40] No[40] No[40] Under development[40] ?[40] No[40] No[40]
JC virtual machine No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No
Jikes RVM No[41] Yes[41] No[41] No[41] No[41] No[41] No[41] No[41] Yes[41] Yes[41] No[41]
Kaffe Using Cygwin[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] ? Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] Yes[11] AmigaOS, BeOS, several others[11]
Mysaifu JVM No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] No[42] Windows Mobile
SableVM Using Cygwin[43] Yes[43] Yes[43] ? ? ? ? ? Yes[43] ? ?

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Release Eclipse OpenJ9 v0.8.0 · eclipse-openj9/openj9". Github. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  2. ^ "The GCJ FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)". Gcc.gnu.org. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Oracle Java SE Embedded Overview". Oracle. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  4. ^ "gbenson.net". gbenson.net. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  5. ^ "LICENSE.md". ikvmnet/ikvm. Retrieved 22 March 2025 – via GitHub.
  6. ^ "JAmiga - Browse /jamiga/pre-alpha 0.0.5 at Sourceforge.net". Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  7. ^ a b "jato/README at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". GitHub. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012. [permanent dead link]
  8. ^ a b c d e "Jato". Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  9. ^ a b "Release 3.1.4 · JikesRVM/JikesRVM". GitHub. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  10. ^ "License". Jikes RVM. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "kaffe/kaffe". GitHub. 9 November 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d "Mysaifu JVM". Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  13. ^ "SableVM - Browse /sablevm/1.13 at". Sourceforge.net. 30 March 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  14. ^ "GCC 7 Release Series — Changes, New Features, and Fixes - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)". gcc.gnu.org.
  15. ^ "README.md". ikvmnet/ikvm. 14 July 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2025 – via GitHub.
  16. ^ "JAmiga". SourceForge. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  17. ^ "ClasspathDevelopment - jamiga2 - This document describes the work done and needed for the GNU Classpath - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting". Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  18. ^ "interpreter.c - jamiga 2 - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting". Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  19. ^ a b "JamVM | Release notes for JamVM at SourceForge.net". sourceforge.net. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "JamVM -- A compact Java Virtual Machine". jamvm.sourceforge.net.
  21. ^ "jato/include/vm/java-version.h at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". GitHub. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  22. ^ a b c d "jato/TODO at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". GitHub. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  23. ^ "SourceForge.net Repository - [jcvm] Contents of /jcvm/libjc/properties.c". Jcvm.cvs.sourceforge.net. 15 May 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  24. ^ "JC Virtual Machine: Home". Jcvm.sourceforge.net. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  25. ^ a b c "JC Virtual Machine Documentation". Jcvm.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  26. ^ "JikesRVM/libraryInterface/Common/src/org/jikesrvm/classlibrary/JavaLangSupport.java at master · JikesRVM/JikesRVM". GitHub. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  27. ^ a b "SourceForge: jikesrvm/jikesrvm: files". Jikesrvm.hg.sourceforge.net. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  28. ^ "openjdk4jikesrvm - Use Openjdk library as JikesRVM's class library - Google Project Hosting". Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  29. ^ "[#RVM-549] Initial support for OpenJDK class library - jira.codehaus.org". Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  30. ^ "Feature request for interpreter". Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  31. ^ "SVN - Mysaifu JVM". 13 November 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  32. ^ a b c "Diary of Mysaifu JVM". 9 February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "GCJ - Status - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)". Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Oracle JDK 7 and JRE 7 Certified System Configurations". www.oracle.com.
  35. ^ "OpenJDK: Port: Mips". openjdk.java.net.
  36. ^ "MIPSPort - IcedTea". icedtea.classpath.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  37. ^ a b "OpenJDK: PowerPC/AIX Port Project". openjdk.java.net.
  38. ^ "Java SE 6 Update Release Notes". Oracle. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "ZeroSharkFaq - IcedTea". icedtea.classpath.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "[ANNOUNCE] Jato 0.3 - Google Groups". 4 January 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Supported Platforms". www.jikesrvm.org.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "SVN - Mysaifu JVM". 9 October 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "SableVM Project". sablevm.org.
  44. ^ "OpenJDK Build README". Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  45. ^ a b c "OpenJDK: BSD Port Project". openjdk.java.net.
  46. ^ "OpenJDK Build README". Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  47. ^ "OpenJDK: Mac OS X Port Project". openjdk.java.net.
  48. ^ "Java port for OS/2 and OS/2-based systems". trac.netlabs.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  49. ^ "OpenJDK: Port: Haiku". openjdk.java.net.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "OpenJDK: Zero-Assembler Project". openjdk.java.net.
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