Dokar sha'awar jama'a

Dokar sha'awar jama'a
	academic discipline (en) da area of law (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Doka

Dokar Sha'awar jama'a tana nufin ayyukan shari'a da aka yi don taimakawa matalauta, maras kyau, ko mutanen da ba su da wakilci, ko don aiwatar da canji a cikin manufofin zamantakewa don sha'awar Jama'a, a kan 'ba don riba' (pro bono publico), sau da yawa a fannonin haƙƙin jama'a, 'yanci na jama'a'a,'a, haƙƙin addini, haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin mata, haƙƙin mabukaci, kariya ta muhalli, da sauransu.^[1]

A cikin wani shahararren jawabi na 1905, Louis Brandeis ya soki aikin lauya, yana gunaguni cewa "masu shari'a masu iyawa sun ba da damar zama masu ba da shawara ga manyan kamfanoni kuma sun yi watsi da wajibin su na amfani da ikonsu don kare mutane".

A cikin al'adar da aka kwatanta, dabi'a ta yau da kullun ga lauyoyin jama'a a cikin kasashe da yawa sun kasance "gwagwarmaya ga ƙaramin mutum".

Ta hanyar iko

Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai

A ƙarshen lokacin kwaminisanci a farkon shekarun 1990, tsarin shari'a na ƙasa na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai har yanzu suna cikin wani mataki na tsari. Mafi mahimmancin tushen ikon shari'a ga sabbin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ya fito ne daga wajen yankin: Majalisar Turai, tare da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai.

Bayan lokaci, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, abubuwan da suka faru a Amurka sun zama masu dacewa. Dokar Majalisar Turai cewa lauyoyi su yi amfani da kotunan ƙasarsu da farko don neman magungunan shari'a kafin su juya ga hukumomin Turai a hankali sun zama fiye da aikin pro forma, kuma kungiyoyin farar hula sun fara yin amfani da hanyoyin cikin gida na yanke hukunci. Amma a lokacin da masu gwagwarmayar cikin gida suka kasance a shirye suyi la'akari da amfanin Shari'ar tasiri, shari'o'in gwaji, da sauran dabarun da aka saba da su daga kwarewar Amurka, sun riga sun fahimci cewa makamin su na ƙarshe a kowane shari'a shine amfani da barazanar ko gaskiyar yanke shawara mai goyan baya a Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai. Tare da wannan asalin a zuciya, ya zama mafi ma'ana ga masu gabatar da dokar sha'awar jama'a a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai don yin magana game da "karya ta dabarun" fiye da game da shari'ar sha'awar Jama'a. Yin amfani da kayan aiki na Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai yadda ya kamata ya buƙaci tsarin dabarun. Ba duk shari'o'in kare hakkin dan adam ba ne za su iya samun hukunci mai kyau; hukunci mara kyau na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga dalilin kare hakkin dan Adam fiye da babu wani hukunci kwata-kwata. Kotun Turai tana da doka mai arziki wanda zai iya samar da alamomi game da yadda za a iya yanke hukunci a shari'ar nan gaba, kuma akwai bangarorin tsari, kamar abin da ake buƙata don ƙarewa da magunguna na cikin gida, don la'akari.

Babban darasi daga kwarewar Amurka ga masu gwagwarmaya na cikin gida shine yadda za'a iya amfani da kotuna yadda ya kamata a matsayin kayan aiki don shiga cikin jama'a a cikin mulki.

Italiya

Canje-canje ga dokar zabe ta Italiya daga 2014 zuwa 2017 dukansu "sun haifar da ayyukan da aka haifa daga kasa (...) sakamakon tsari, nazarin da kuma aiki da aka shirya. Farfesa na jami'a, masu tsara tsarin mulki da na zaɓe, 'yan majalisa da sauran wakilan da aka zaba (...), wakilan farar hula da talakawa. Sunayensu, a matsayin masu jefa kuri'a, a cikin fiye da ashirin gabatarwa (ƙawatowa ko roko) ", ^[2] dukansu sun gabatar da su.

China (ƙasar)

Dokar sha'awar jama'a (公益法) kalma ce da aka yarda da ita a kasar Sin, inda cibiyoyin da ke tallafawa mulkin doka har yanzu suna da matukar damuwa. Kasar Sin ba ta da tsarin doka na yau da kullun wanda ake sa ran lauyoyi su taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen "yi doka". Duk da haka, ƙaramin al'umma mai tasiri na lauyoyi sun sami karɓar shari'ar jama'a a matsayin hanyar da ta dace don warware batutuwan zamantakewa da ba da gudummawa ga al'ummawa mai jituwa, kuma 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba su inganta aiwatar da' yancin ma'aikata baƙi, mata, yara da waɗanda ke fama da lalacewar muhalli, da sauransu. Misali, lauyoyin jama'a a kasar Sin sun shigar da kara a kotu da nasarar kalubalantar cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki da kuma tsare mutane masu lafiya a asibitocin mahaukaci.^[3]

Masu yin gyare-gyare na kasar Sin sun yi imanin cewa, wata hanyar da za ta hanzarta samar da dokar moriyar jama'a, ita ce aiwatar da ka'idar hadin gwiwa ta yadda kungiyoyi za su iya shigar da kararraki don kare muradun mambobinta. A halin yanzu, [yaushe?] Ana gudanar da bita ga Dokar Tsarin Mulki ta kasar Sin. Ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren da aka tsara zai haifar da wani nau'i na matsayi na ƙungiya. A bisa ka’ida, sabuwar dokar za ta bai wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida ikon shigar da kara da sunan su a madadin mambobinsu, amma gyaran da aka yi ya haifar da muhawara mai cike da rudani kuma ba a san makomarta ba.

Hong Kong

A cikin Hong Kong dokar sha'awar jama'a wani yanki ne mai tasowa. Babban abin hawa don bin ikirarin jama'a shine bita na shari'a. Wannan shine tsarin da ake kalubalantar yanke shawara na gwamnati a kotuna. An sami karuwar shari'o'in sake dubawa tun daga shekara ta 2000. Batutuwan muhalli da haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru suna daga cikin yankunan da aka fi yin shari'a.

Indiya

"Jirgin Jama'a" ko PIL dama tun lokacin da aka fara shi a cikin tsarin shari'a na Indiya, ya nuna wasu misalai masu kyau na kare haƙƙin mutanen Indiya kuma ya ƙarfafa matsayin Kotun Koli ta Indiya a matsayin mai kula da haƙƙin asali da aka lissafa a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya. An gabatar da shi a Indiya a kusa da 1979-80 ta alƙalan Kotun Koli, Mai Shari'a V. R. Krishna Iyer tare da Mai Shari'ar P. N. Bhagwati . Kuma tun daga wannan lokacin akwai lokuta lokacin da Kotuna ke da sha'awar yanke shawarar batutuwan da suka shafi jama'a ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kamar yadda lamarin ya faru a Shyam Sundar inda kotun ta yarda da lamarin koda kuwa lokacin da aka yi aikace-aikacen ta hanyar wasika da aka aika ta hanyar gidan waya.

Ƙasar Ingila

A cikin doka, amfanin jama'a shine kariya daga wasu karar da ake yi (alal misali wasu karar tsegumi a Burtaniya) da kuma cirewa daga wasu dokoki ko ka'idoji (alal misali dokokin 'yancin bayanai a Burtaniya). Har ila yau, alƙalai a cikin tsarin doka ta yau da kullun na iya yin hukunci bisa ga Manufofin jama'a, lokaci mai alaƙa.

Dubi kuma

Lauyan da ya haifar
John Banzhaf
Taron shari'a
Dokar
Dokar halitta
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Kasa
Babban lauya mai zaman kansa
Mai kare jama'a
Cibiyar Rutherford

Manazarta

↑ Forster, Christine M. (University of New South Wales, Sydney); Jivan, Vedna (University of Technology Sydney, Sydney) (2008). "Public Interest Litigation and Human Rights Implementation: The Indian and Australian Experience" (PDF). Asian Journal of Comparative Law. The Berkeley Electronic Press: 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
↑ (in Italian) Gabriele Maestri, ORIZZONTI DI TECNICA ELETTORALE: PROBLEMI SUPERATI, IRRISOLTI ED EMERSI ALLA LUCE DELLA SENTENZA N. 35 DEL 2017, Nomos, n. 2/2017.
↑ Congressional-Executive Commission on China, 2011 Annual Report, Parts II and III (October 10, 2011), available at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2013-02-13.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link); see generally R.P. Peerenboom, China's Long March toward Rule of Law (Cambridge University Press, 2002)

[1] Forster, Christine M. (University of New South Wales, Sydney); Jivan, Vedna (University of Technology Sydney, Sydney) (2008). "Public Interest Litigation and Human Rights Implementation: The Indian and Australian Experience" (PDF). Asian Journal of Comparative Law. The Berkeley Electronic Press: 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[2] (in Italian) Gabriele Maestri, ORIZZONTI DI TECNICA ELETTORALE: PROBLEMI SUPERATI, IRRISOLTI ED EMERSI ALLA LUCE DELLA SENTENZA N. 35 DEL 2017, Nomos, n. 2/2017.

[3] Congressional-Executive Commission on China, 2011 Annual Report, Parts II and III (October 10, 2011), available at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2013-02-13.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link); see generally R.P. Peerenboom, China's Long March toward Rule of Law (Cambridge University Press, 2002)

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