Draft:ThermoKryptus
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| ThermoKryptus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Missing taxonomy template (fix): | Candidatus Thermokryptus mobilis |
| Species: | [[Template:Taxonomy/Candidatus Thermokryptus mobilis]]'
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| Binomial name | |
| [[Template:Taxonomy/Candidatus Thermokryptus mobilis]] Eloe-Fadrosh et al. 201
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| Synonyms | |
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Ca. T. mobilis | |
Candidatus Thermokryptus mobilis is a thermophilic bacterium from the candidate phylum Kryptonia. First identified in 2016 through a metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) from hot springs, it's still uncultured, so it carries the "Candidatus" label. Everything we know about it comes from analyzing that genome.
Taxonomy
[edit]Candidatus Thermokryptus mobilis falls under the genus Candidatus Thermokryptus, in the family "Kryptoniaceae", order "Kryptoniales", and class "Kryptonia" within the phylum Kryptonia (sometimes called Candidatus Kryptoniota). This phylum belongs to the FCB group. The name "Thermokryptus" highlights its heat-loving traits and the phylum's "hidden" nature, as it evaded detection due to biases in standard 16S rRNA primers.
Databases treat it provisionally. In NCBI Taxonomy, it's ID 1643428, marked "inconclusive" because there are no close type strains. The List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) acknowledges the phylum as Candidatus Kryptonia, with Candidatus Kryptoniota as an updated variant. It got formalized in Candidatus List No. 6 back in 2025.
Discovery
[edit]Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh and her team first described the species in 2016 in a Nature Communications paper called "Global metagenomic survey reveals a new bacterial candidate phylum in geothermal springs." They uncovered it via metagenomic sequencing in their hunt for the Kryptonia phylum, sifting through 5.2 Tb of global data. The genome came from samples at the Great Boiling Spring in Nevada, USA.
Its name varies across databases; the SeqCode Registry calls it Kryptonium mobile as part of efforts to standardize uncultured microbe names.
Habitat
[edit]Candidatus Thermokryptus mobilis lives in hot (≥70°C), neutral-pH geothermal springs. It's been found in sediments from Great Boiling Spring (Nevada, USA), plus spots in Canada (Dewar Creek) and China (Jinze Pool, Gongxiaoshe Pool). These sites have moderate sulfate (2–4 mM), low sulfide (<0.1 mM), and pH between 6.4–8.0.
Unlike acid-loving thermophiles in the archaeal Sulfolobales order, this shows how heat adaptation can take different paths.
Genome
[edit]The genome is a solid MAG (GCF_900070205.1), 2.4 Mb long with 38.5% GC, spread across 35 scaffolds and an N50 of 138.4 kb. It's considered fully complete with no contamination. Tied to BioSample SAMN03436303 and BioProject PRJEB11785.
Notable bits include a reverse gyrase for heat stability and a unique Type I-B/III-A CRISPR-Cas system for fending off viruses. Interestingly, no CRISPR spacers showed up in early checks.
Metabolism and ecology
[edit]From the genome, it seems motile and heterotrophic, with full sets for the tricarboxylic acid cycle, Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway. It can handle aerobic and anaerobic breathing, using ferric iron (Fe³⁺) too, thanks to multi-heme c-type cytochromes.
For nitrogen, it has nitrous-oxide reductase (nosZ), but misses earlier denitrification steps, so it probably teams up with Thermus species for N₂O. Gaps in biotin, thiamine, and some amino acids point to more microbial partnerships.
It might break down complex organics and aromatic compounds.
Cultivation
[edit]Up to 2025, no one has grown Candidatus Thermokryptus mobilis in a lab; it's all genome-based info. Ideas for culturing involve neutral pH media at 70–80°C, adding complex organics, ferric iron or N₂O, and pairing with Thermus spp.
Biotechnological potential
[edit]Its predicted heat-stable enzymes—like glycoside hydrolases, proteases, reverse gyrase, and nitrous-oxide reductase—could be useful for biofuels, lab tools, and cleaning up pollutants. The iron-breathing ability might help in biomining, though it could cause corrosion issues.
References
[edit]
- Oren, A.; Kostovski, M.; Göker, M. (2025). "Candidatus List No. 6". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 75 (6): 006772. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006772. PMC 12281948. PMID 40590423.
- "NCBI Datasets - Candidatus Thermokryptus mobilis genome assembly". NCBI. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- Gupta, Dinesh; Shalvarjian, Katie E.; Nayak, Dipti D. (2022). "Biogenesis and Function of c-type Cytochromes in the ..." (PDF). bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477811. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- "UC Santa Cruz UCSC GCF_900070205.1 Assembly Report". UCSC Genome Browser. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- Eloe-Fadrosh, E. A.; Paez-Espino, D.; Jarett, J.; Dunfield, P. F.; Hedlund, B. P.; Dekas, A. E.; Grasby, S. E.; Brady, A. L.; Dong, H.; Briggs, B. R.; Li, W. J.; Goudeau, D.; Malmstrom, R.; Pati, A.; Pett-Ridge, J.; Rubin, E. M.; Woyke, T.; Kyrpides, N. C.; Ivanova, N. N. (2016). "Global metagenomic survey reveals a new bacterial candidate phylum in geothermal springs". Nature Communications. 7 10476. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710476E. doi:10.1038/ncomms10476. PMC 4737851. PMID 26814032.
- "Candidatus Thermokryptus mobilis Bacteria Species". OntoSight. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- "Kryptonia". Wikipedia. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- "GCF_900070205.1 JGI assembly description". UCSC Genome Browser. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- "Genome sc |0000027". SeqCode Registry. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- "Microbiology and geochemistry of great boiling and mud hot springs ..." (PDF). University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- "Supplementary Information". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- "Uncovering Hidden Microbial Lineages from Hot Springs". JGI (DOE). 27 January 2016. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- "AlphaFold Protein Structure Database". EBI AlphaFold. Retrieved 2025-09-19.