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Education in Indonesia

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Education in Indonesia
Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education
Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology
Ministry of Religious Affairs
Minister of Primary and Secondary Education
Minister of Higher Education, Science, and Technology
Minister of Religious Affairs		Abdul Mu'ti

Brian Yuliarto

Nasaruddin Umar
National education budget (2017)
BudgetIDR 416.1 trillion
USD 31.2 billion
General details
Primary languagesIndonesian
System typeCurriculum
Merdeka Curriculum4 February 2022
Literacy (2018)
Total95.66%[1]
Male97.33%[1]
Female93.99%[1]
Enrollment (2018)
Total(N/A)
Primary93.5%[1]
Secondary78.73%[1]
Post secondary36.31%[1]
Interpolated median educational attainment of Indonesia by district (2022)
Students wearing the pramuka (scout) uniform studying. This uniform is usually worn on either Wednesday, Friday or Saturday.
The students pictured above are listening to a guide at the Trowulan Museum, East Java whilst examining a model of the Jawi temple.
Santa Ursula Catholic School in Jakarta
A typical public school in Jakarta

Education in Indonesia falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, or Kemendikdasmen), the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology (Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi, or Kemendikti Saintek) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kementerian Agama, or Kemenag). In Indonesia, all citizens must undertake twelve years of compulsory education. This consists of six years at the elementary level and three years each at the middle and high school levels. Islamic, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist and Confucian schools are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Religious Affairs.

Education is defined as a planned effort to establish a study environment and educational process so that the student may actively develop their own potential in various domains.[citation needed] The Constitution also notes that there are two types of education in Indonesia: formal and non-formal. Formal education is further divided into three levels: primary, secondary and tertiary education.

Schools in Indonesia are run either by the government (negeri) or private sectors (swasta). Some private schools refer to themselves as "national plus schools", which means that their curriculum exceeds requirements set by the Ministry of Education, especially by using English as the medium of instruction or having an international-based curriculum instead of the national one. In Indonesia there are approximately 170,000 primary schools, 40,000 junior-secondary schools, and 26,000 high schools. Eighty-four percent of these schools are under the Ministry of Education and Culture and the remaining sixteen percent under the Ministry of Religious Affairs.

School system overview

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The Indonesian education system is the fourth largest in the world with more than fifty million students, three million teachers, and 300,000 schools.[2] The compulsory education system is divided into three levels: primary school, junior high school, and senior high school.[2] Primary school and junior high school are free, while senior high school requires a small fee.[2] In 2018, the net enrollment rates for primary school, junior high school, and senior high school were 93.5%, 78.84%, and 60.67%, respectively.[3][1] The tertiary-education participation is low at 36.31%.[1] In 2011, the completion rates for primary, junior high school, and senior high school were 95.3%, 97.68%, and 96.8%, respectively.[2]

Indonesian students can choose between state-run, nonsectarian public schools supervised by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (Kemendikbudristek) and private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools supervised and financed by the Ministry of Religious Affairs.[4] Although 86.1% of the Indonesian population is registered as Muslim, only fifteen percent of school-age individuals attended religious schools according to the 2000 census.[4] Overall enrollment figures are slightly higher for girls than boys, and Java has higher enrollment figures than the rest of Indonesia.[4]

A central goal of the national education system is to impart secular wisdom about the world and to instruct children in the principles of participation in the modern nation-state, its bureaucracies, and its moral and ideological foundations.[4][citation needed] Beginning under the Guided Democracy period and strengthening in the New Order after 1975, a key feature of the national curriculum was the instruction in the Pancasila.[4] Children aged six and older learned by rote its five principles — belief in one God, humanitarianism, national unity, democracy, and social justice — and were instructed daily to apply the meanings of this key national symbol to their lives.[4] With the end of the New Order in 1998 and the beginning of the campaign to decentralise the national government, provincial and district-level administrators obtained increasing autonomy in determining the content of schooling, and the role of Pancasila in the curriculum began to diminish.[4]

Public-school pedagogy emphasises rote learning and deference to the authority of the teacher.[4] Teachers customarily do not ask questions of individual students; rather, they typically narrate a historical event or describe a mathematical problem, pausing at key junctures to allow the students to call out responses that "fill in the blanks".[4] By not identifying individual problems of students and retaining an emotionally distanced demeanor, teachers are said to demonstrate patience, which is admired in Indonesian culture.[4]

History

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Islamic kingdoms period

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The emergence of the Islamic state in Indonesia is noted by the acculturation of Islamic and Hindu-Buddhist traditions. During this period, the Pondok Pesantren, a type of Islamic boarding school, was introduced. The location of pesantren is mostly far away from the hustling crowd of the city, resembling the location of Karsyan.

Dutch colonial period

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Elementary education was introduced in Indonesia by the Dutch during the colonial era. The Dutch education system was a series of educational branches based on the social status of the colony's population, with the best available institutions reserved for the European population.

In 1870, with the growth of the Dutch Ethical Policy formulated by Conrad Theodor van Deventer, some of these Dutch-founded schools opened the doors for Pribumi (native Indonesians). They were called Sekolah Rakjat (folk school), the predecessor of what is called Sekolah Dasar (elementary school) today.[5] In 1871, the Dutch parliament adopted a new education law that sought to uniform the highly scattered and diversified indigenous education systems across the archipelago and expand the number of teacher-training schools under the supervision of the colonial administration. The public school budget was raised in steps from approximately 300,000 guilders in 1864 to roughly 3 million guilders by the early 1890s. Educational development often lacked funding because many Dutch politicians feared expanding education would eventually lead to anti-colonial sentiment.[6] Funding for education only accounted for six percent of the total expenditure of the colonial budget in the 1920s. The number of government and private primary schools for natives had increased to 3,108 and the libraries to 3,000 by 1930.[7] However, spending sharply declined after the economic depression in 1930.[6]

Technische Hogeschool te Bandoeng, opened as a branch of Delft University of Technology.

The Dutch introduced a system of formal education for the local population of Indonesia, although this was restricted to certain privileged children. The schools for the Europeans were modeled after the Dutch education and required proficiency in Dutch. Dutch was also needed for higher education enrollment. The elite native and Chinese populations who lacked Dutch language skills could enroll in either Dutch Native or Chinese schools. The schools were arranged in the following levels:

  • ELS (Dutch: Europeesche Lagereschool "European Low School") – primary school for Europeans
  • HSS (Dutch: Hollandsch-Schakelschool "Dutch-Switch School")
  • HIS (Dutch: Hollandsch-Inlandscheschool "Dutch-Native School") – primary school for natives
  • HCS (Dutch: Hollandsch-Chinescheschool "Dutch-Chinese School") - primary school for Chinese
  • MULO (Dutch: Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs "More Advanced Low Education") – middle school
  • AMS (Dutch: Algemene Middelbareschool "General Middle School") – high school or college
  • HBS (Dutch: Hogere Burgerschool "Higher Citizen School") – pre-university
Neutrale Lagere School in Malang.
Kartini School in Bogor.
Inside a classroom of Dutch Native School in Bandung.

For the rural population, the Dutch created the Desa Schools, or village schools system, which aimed to spread literacy among the native population. These schools provided two or three years training in vernacular subjects (reading, writing, ciphering, hygiene, animals and plants, etc.) and served as cheaper alternative schools. These village schools received far less funding than the European schools, thus the quality of education provided is often lacking.[citation needed] Despite its flaws, the number of village schools increased to 17,695 by 1930.[7] The rest of the rural education was left to the Christian missionaries, which were considered more cost-efficient.[7][8]

The segregation between Dutch and Indonesian people in education pushed several Indonesian figures to start educational institutions for local people. Arab Indonesians founded Jamiat Kheir in 1905; Ahmad Dahlan founded Muhammadiyah in November 1912; and Ki Hajar Dewantara founded Taman Siswa in July 1922 to emancipate the native population. Pesantrens increased rapidly during this period.[9]

During the colonial period, there was a large gap between the educated male and female population. In 1920, on the island of Java and Madura, 6.5% of the male native population were literate compared to only 0.5% of the female native population. A similar phenomenon could be observed in the Arab and Chinese population, with 26.5% of the male population being literate and only 8.5% of the female population being literate. In the outer islands beyond Java, the difference between literate male and female population was 12% and 3% out of the population respectively.[7] Inspired by Javanese-born aristocrat Kartini, who died young at the age of 25, the Van Deventer family worked to increase female involvement in education and received support from the Dutch government — eventually leading to foundation of Kartini Schools in 1911.[7]

In 1920, the Dutch founded the Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia's first university-level educational institution, as well as other universities and colleges for native Indonesians on the island of Java. Most of these universities have become the country's top educational institutions. These institutions are as follows:[10]

By the 1930s, the Dutch had introduced limited formal education to nearly every province of the Dutch East Indies, although by this period only 7.4% of the population were literate in 1931,[11] and 2% were fluent in Dutch. Around the outer islands beyond Java, to meet demand of schooling, the Dutch government relied heavily on missionary schools that provided a basic education.[7]

Japanese occupation

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See also: Education in the Empire of Japan § 1937-1945

During the Japanese occupation in World War II, the operations of the Dutch education system were consolidated into a single operation that paralleled the Japanese education system. These schools were organized with the goal of creating the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere of influence and trained in military and physical drill that were anti-West oriented. The new curriculum also included indoctrination of Japanese culture and history, such as requiring students to raise the Japanese flag and bow to the Emperor every morning. The Japanese made schools less stratified; despite this, enrollment shrunk by thirty percent for primary education and ninety percent for secondary education by 1945.[8]

Post independence

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A schoolhouse in Kalimantan for eradicating adult illiteracy, c. 1952

After Indonesia declared its independence in 1945, the surviving education system was fragile and unorganized. There was a shortage of teachers, as most of them had been Dutch or Japanese.[8] Very few Indonesians had experience in managing schools.

The first government of Indonesia had to create a system from scratch and reject the colonial European system. Chapter eight, article thirty-one, clause one of the 1945 constitution declared that "every citizen has the right for education".[citation needed] The Ministry of Education, Instruction and Culture was founded with its first minister, Soewandi (id). The new institution sought to create an education system that was anti-discriminatory, -elitist, and -capitalist to promote nationalism of the new republic of Indonesia. It was also decided that religion deserved a proper place and attention under the new republic, resulting in an increased support for pesantren and Islamic Madrasah.[8]

In 1961, 46.7% of the population were literate.[11]

By 2008, the staff shortage in Indonesia's schools was no longer as acute as in the 1980s, but serious difficulties remained, particularly in the areas of teacher salaries, teacher certification, and finding qualified personnel.[4] In many remote areas of the outer islands, there is a severe shortage of qualified teachers, and some villages have school buildings but no teachers, books, or supplies.[4]

Early education

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Pre-school education in Indonesia is covered under PAUD (Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, lit. Early Age Education) that covers Taman Bermain (playgroup) and Taman Kanak-Kanak (kindergarten, abbreviated TK). PAUD is under direct supervision and coverage of the Directorate of Early Age Education Development (Direktorat Pengembangan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini).[citation needed]

Children attend Taman Bermain at the age of two and TK at the age of four. Most TKs arrange the classes into two grades: A and B, which are informally called kelas nol kecil (little zero grade) and kelas nol besar (big zero grade), respectively. While this level of education is not compulsory, its aim is to prepare children for primary schooling. Of the 49,000 kindergartens in Indonesia, 99.35% are privately operated.[12]

Public primary and secondary education

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School buses for Jakartan students, free to ride as long as one is wearing school uniform

Children ages six to twelve attend primary school, called Sekolah Dasar (SD).[4] As of 2014, most elementary schools are government-operated public schools, accounting for 90.29% of all elementary schools in Indonesia.[13] Students generally spend six years in primary school but may finish in five through an accelerated learning program.[citation needed] Although the youngest children are sometimes allowed to use their local language, nearly all instruction is conducted in Indonesian by the third year of primary school.[4]

Three years (or two through an accelerated learning program) of junior high school (Sekolah Menengah Pertama, or SMP) follow elementary school.[4] Specialized options include academic and vocational junior high schools that lead to senior-level diplomas and "domestic science" junior high schools for girls.[4]

After completing junior high school, students may attend three years (or two through an accelerated learning program) of high school (Sekolah Menengah Atas, or SMA). Students who do not wish to attend traditional high schools can choose from forty-seven programmes of vocational and pre-professional high school (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, or SMK), divided into the following fields: technology and engineering, health, arts, craft and tourism, information and communication technologies, agro-business and agro-technology, and business management.[14] Students can also attend agricultural, veterinary, and forestry schools.[4]

Special schools at the junior and senior levels teach hotel management, legal clerking, plastic arts, and music.[4]

Students with disabilities or special needs may opt to be enrolled in a separate school from the mainstream called Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB, Extraordinary School).[15]

Teacher-training programs are varied and gradually being upgraded. In the 1950s, anyone completing a teacher-training program at the junior high school level could obtain a teacher's certificate.[4] Since the 1970s, primary-school teachers have been required to graduate from a senior high school for teachers, and teachers of higher grades have been required to complete a university-level education course.[4]

School grades

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The school year is divided into two semesters. The first commences in July and ends in December; the second commences in January and ends in June.

Level/Grade Typical age
Preschool
Pre-school playgroup 3–4
Kindergarten 4–6
Primary school (Compulsory Education)
1st Grade 6–7
2nd Grade 7–8
3rd Grade 8–9
4th Grade 9–10
5th Grade 10–11
6th Grade 11–12
Middle school (Compulsory Education)
7th Grade 12–13
8th Grade 13–14
9th Grade 14–15
High school (Compulsory Education)
10th Grade 15–16
11th Grade 16–17
12th Grade 17–18
Post-secondary education
Tertiary education 18+
Graduate education
Adult education

2013 curriculum

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Discipline Subjects Grade
# Name # Name Primary school[16] Middle school[17] High school[18]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Education 1 Religion 4 3 2
2 Pancasila and civics 6 2
3 Physical education 4 2
4 Home economics n/a 2
2 Language (and literature) 1 Indonesian language 6 4
2 English language n/a 4
3 Natural sciences 1 Mathematics 6 4
2 Physics n/a 1.5 2 n/a
3 Biology
4 Social sciences 1 History n/a 1 2
2 Geography n/a
3 Economics
5 Arts 1 Music 1 1
2 Painting
3 Skill n/a
4 Dance
6 N/A 1 Peminatan Akademik n/a 2
2 Kelompok Peminatan 16
Total hours 27 29.5 29 41
Total subjects 6 8 10 11
Specialization groups (kelompok peminatan)
# Natural sciences Social sciences Language and literature Islamic schools Christian theology schools Catholic schools Total hours
1 Mathematics History Indonesian language History of Islam History of Christianity History of Catholicism 4
2 Physics Geography Anthropology Tafsir History of Church Scripture 4
3 Biology Economics Indonesian literature Quran and Hadith Bible Catholic Church doctrine and Christian morals 4
4 Chemistry Sociology Foreign language Fiqh Christian ethics Liturgy 4

Islamic schools

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Students in the dorm of a school of higher Islamic education, Bukittinggi, c. 1953

There are three types of Islamic schools in Indonesia: pesantren, madrasah, and sekolah islam. Pesantren are led by hereditary kyais, who lead the school and have religious authority. Madrasah vary in their ideological foundations and vary in the provision of secular and religious content. Sekolah Islam use the Ministry of Education and Culture's secular curriculum and add their own Islamic curricula.[19]

Some Muslims have resisted the secular and nationalist emphasis in public schools and placed their children in a pesantren.[4] Usually found in rural areas and directed by a Muslim scholar, pesantren are attended by young people seeking a detailed understanding of the Quran, the Arabic language, sharia, and Muslim traditions and history, as well as more modern subjects such as English, mathematics, and geography. Students can enter and leave the pesantren any time of the year, and the studies are not organized as a progression of courses leading to graduation.[4] Those who opt for a pesantren education can complete a state test to obtain a sixth-grade equivalency certificate.[4]

Pesantren are not unified in their position on Islam or secularism.[4] Some pesantren emphasise the autonomy of modern students to think for themselves and to interpret scripture and modern knowledge in a way that is consistent with the teachings of Islam.[4] Others are more traditional and stress the importance of following the wisdom of elders, including their teachings on science, religion, and family life.[4] Although the terrorist bombings in Kuta, Bali, in 2002 raised suspicions about whether pesantren promote extremist views, the majority of these schools market themselves as theologically moderate and reflecting the views of the general Indonesian population.[4]

For students to adapt to life in the modern nation-state, the Muslim-dominated Department of Religion (now the Ministry of Religious Affairs) advocated in the 1970s for the spread of a newer variety of Muslim school: the madrasah.[4] This type of school integrates religious subjects from the pesantren with secular subjects from the Western-style public-education system.[4] Although the public generally believes that Islamic schools offer lower-quality education, among Islamic schools a madrassa is ranked lower than a pesantren.[4]

Raudhatul Athfal (RA) is the Islamic pre-schooling equivalent of TK, Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) is the Islamic schooling equivalent of SD, and Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) is the Islamic schooling equivalent of SMP. Madrasah Aliyah (MA) is the Islamic schooling equivalent of SMA, while Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (MAK) is the equivalent of SMK.[citation needed]

Higher education

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See also: List of universities in Indonesia
College attainment rate of Indonesia by district (2022)

Higher education in Indonesia is offered by several types of institutions including academic education, vocational education, and professional education.[20]

A map of higher education institutions in Indonesia per September 1965, according to the Department of Higher Education and Science.
Higher education institution types in Indonesia[20]
Institutions Academic

Education

Vocational

Education

Professional

Education

Note
Universitas Comprehensive Comprehensive ✓
Institut Multidisciplinary Multidisciplinary ✓
Sekolah Tinggi Monodisciplinary Monodisciplinary ✓
Politeknik X Comprehensive ✓
Akademi X Mono/Multi-disciplinary X
Akademi Komunitas X Mono/Multi-disciplinary X Highest offered degree is diploma dua for local or special purposes.

Since 2012, the Indonesian education system has been organized on the Indonesian National Qualification Framework (Indonesian: Kerangka Kerja Nasional Indonesia, KKNI).

Indonesian National Qualification Framework (NQF)
Indonesian NQF

Level

Academic

education

Vocational

education

Professional

education

Career

Development

9 Doktor

Doctorate

Doktor Terapan

Applied Doctorate

Spesialis Dua

Subspecialist

Ahli

Expert

8 Magister

Master

Magister Terapan

Applied Master

Spesialis Satu

Specialist

7 Profesi

First Professional

6 Sarjana

Bachelor

Diploma Empat / Sarjana Terapan

Bachelor

Teknisi / Analis

Technician, Analyst

5 Diploma Tiga

Diploma

4 Diploma Dua

Diploma

3 Diploma Satu

Diploma

Operator

Operator

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Indonesia". uis.unesco.org. 27 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d The ASEAN Secretariat (2014). ASEAN State of Education Report 2013 (PDF) (Report). Jakarta. ISBN 978-602-7643-81-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  3. ^ "Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2018" [2018 Human Development Index]. www.bps.go.id (in Indonesian). BPS. 27 August 2019. p. 42. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Kuipers, Joel C. (2011). "Education". In Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L. (eds.). Indonesia: A Country Study (PDF). Library of Congress Federal Research Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ "Nicht verfügbar". Infocondet.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  6. ^ a b "Why was the Dutch legacy so poor? Educational development in the Netherlands Indies, 1871-1942". 2014. hdl:1874/308413. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Education in the Netherlands East-Indies (PDF), n.d., archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2015, retrieved 2 October 2015 – via indonesia-dutchcolonialheritage.nl
  8. ^ a b c d Bjork, Christopher (2005). Indonesian Education: Teachers, Schools, and Central Bureaucracy. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97444-8.
  9. ^ "Sedikit Uraian Sejarah Pendidikan Indonesia « Tinulad". Tinulad.wordpress.com. 17 May 2008. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  10. ^ "Hendry's Site - 1. SEKOLAH MENENGAH". Attaubah60.multiply.com. 10 April 1946. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  11. ^ a b Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Kelas VIII Semester 1. Kemendikbud. 2014. p. 144. ISBN 978-602-282-091-8.
  12. ^ "Kindergarten statistics between 2004-2005". Archived from the original on 9 February 2007.
  13. ^ Pusat Data dan Statistik Pendidikan (2014). "Statistik Sekolah Dasar (SD) 2013/2014" (PDF). Secretariat General, Ministry of Education and Culture. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  14. ^ "World TVET Database > Indonesia". UNESCO-UNEVOC. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  15. ^ Susanti, Afriani (3 December 2015). "Jenis-Jenis Sekolah Luar Biasa". Okezone News (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  16. ^ Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (2013). Kompetensi Dasar: Sekolah Dasar (SD) / Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2015.
  17. ^ Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (2013). Kompetensi Dasar: Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) / Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2015.
  18. ^ Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (2013). Kompetensi Dasar: Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) / Madrasah Aliyah (MA) (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2015.
  19. ^ Brooks, Melanie; Brooks, Jeffrey; Mutohar, Agus; Taufiq, Imam (2020). "Principals as Socio-Religious Curators: Progressive and Conservative Approaches in Islamic Schools". Journal of Educational Administration. 58 (6): 677–695. doi:10.1108/JEA-01-2020-0004. S2CID 225770301.
  20. ^ a b Penyelengaraan Pendidikan Tinggi dan Pengelolaan Perguruan Tinggi, Peraturan Pemerintah No. 4 (2014) (Indonesia).
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