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Hangul consonant and vowel tables

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The following tables of consonants and vowels (jamo) of the Korean alphabet (Hangul) display (in blue) the basic forms in the first row and their derivatives in the following row(s). They are divided into initials (leading consonants), vowels (middle), and finals tables (trailing consonants).

The jamo shown below are individually romanized according to the Revised Romanization of Hangeul (RR Transliteration), which is a system of transliteration rules between the Korean and Roman alphabets, originating from South Korea. However, the tables below are not sufficient for normal transcription of the Korean language as the overarching Revised Romanization of Korean system takes contextual sound changes into account.

Leading consonants

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Called choseong, or "initials", there are 19 initial consonants, whereof one (ㅇ) is silent, and five (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ) are doubled:

Basic jamo Hangul ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ
RR g/k n d r/l m b s -/ng j ch k t p h
Composite Hangul ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ
RR kk tt pp ss jj

Medial vowels

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Called jungseong, or "vowels", there are 21 medial vowels:

Basic form +e/i
Basic jamo Hangul ㅏ ㅓ ㅗ ㅜ ㅡ ㅣ ㅐ ㅔ ㅚ ㅟ ㅢ
RR a eo o u eu i ae e oe wi ui
y+ Hangul ㅑ ㅕ ㅛ ㅠ ㅒ ㅖ
RR ya yeo yo yu yae ye
w+ Hangul ㅘ ㅝ ㅙ ㅞ
RR wa wo wae we

Trailing consonants

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Called jongseong, or "finals", there are 27 final consonants; with the additional case of no final consonant, there is a total of 28 possibilities:

Basic jamo Hangul ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ
RR g n d r/l m b s ng j ch k t p h
Composite Hangul ㄲ ㄵ ㄺ ㅄ ㅆ
RR kk nj lg bs ss
Hangul ㄳ ㄶ ㄻ
RR gs nh lm
Hangul ㄼ
RR lb
Hangul ㄽ
RR ls
Hangul ㄾ
RR lt
Hangul ㄿ
RR lp
Hangul ㅀ
RR lh

Collation

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Several collation sequences are used to order words (like alphabetical sorting). The North and South differ on (a) the treatment of composite jamo consonants in syllable-leading (choseong) and -trailing (jongseong) position, and (b) on the treatment of composite jamo vowels in syllable-medial (jungseong) position.

This first sequence is official in South Korea (and is the basic binary order of codepoints in Unicode):

South Korean collation
Principle Sort every composite jamo grouped after their leading single jamo
Initial consonants

ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ

Vowels

ㅏ ㅐ ㅑ ㅒ ㅓ ㅔ ㅕ ㅖ ㅗ ㅘ ㅙ ㅚ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅞ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅢ ㅣ

Final consonants

ㄱ ㄲ ㄳ ㄴ ㄵ ㄶ ㄷ ㄹ ㄺ ㄻ ㄼ ㄽ ㄾ ㄿ ㅀ ㅁ ㅂ ㅄ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ

Sequences of this second type are common in North Korea:

North Korean collation
Principle Initial consonants: All single jamo (except ieung ㅇ) before all doubled jamo; ieung after the doubled jamo
Vowels: All single jamo before all composite jamo; for composite jamo, all digraphs before all trigraphs; for digraphs, the ones ending in ㅣ precede others.
Final consonants: Doubled jamo after single and composite jamo
Initial consonants

ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ ㅇ

Vowels

ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ ㅐ ㅒ ㅔ ㅖ ㅚ ㅟ ㅢ ㅘ ㅝ ㅙ ㅞ

Final consonants

ㄱ ㄳ ㄴ ㄵ ㄶ ㄷ ㄹ ㄺ ㄻ ㄼ ㄽ ㄾ ㄿ ㅀ ㅁ ㅂ ㅄ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㄲ ㅆ

Letter names

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Consonants

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Consonant letter names[1][2]
Consonant South Korean name North Korean name
Hangul Hangul RR Hangul MR
ㄱ 기역 giyeok 기윽 kiŭk
ㄲ 쌍기역 ssanggiyeok 된기윽 toen'giŭk
ㄴ 니은 nieun 니은 niŭn
ㄷ 디귿 digeut 디읃 tiŭt
ㄸ 쌍디귿 ssangdigeut 된디읃 toendiŭt
ㄹ 리을 rieul 리을 riŭl
ㅁ 미음 mieum 미음 miŭm
ㅂ 비읍 bieup 비읍 piŭp
ㅃ 쌍비읍 ssangbieup 된비읍 toenbiŭp
ㅅ 시옷 siot 시읏 siŭt
ㅆ 쌍시옷 ssangsiot 된시읏 toensiŭt
ㅇ 이응 ieung 이응 iŭng
ㅈ 지읒 jieut 지읒 chiŭt
ㅉ 쌍지읒 ssangjieut 된지읒 toenjiŭt
ㅊ 치읓 chieut 치읓 ch'iŭt
ㅋ 키읔 kieuk 키읔 k'iŭk
ㅌ 티읕 tieut 티읕 t'iŭt
ㅍ 피읖 pieup 피읖 p'iŭp
ㅎ 히읗 hieut 히읗 hiŭt

Vowels

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Vowel letter names[1]
Vowel Name
Hangul RR MR
ㅏ a a
ㅐ ae ae
ㅑ ya ya
ㅒ yae yae
ㅓ eo ŏ
ㅔ e e
ㅕ yeo yŏ
ㅖ ye ye
ㅗ o o
ㅘ wa wa
ㅙ wae wae
ㅚ oe oe
ㅛ yo yo
ㅜ u u
ㅝ wo wŏ
ㅞ we we
ㅟ wi wi
ㅠ yu yu
ㅡ eu ŭ
ㅢ ui ŭi
ㅣ i i

Archaic letters

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Many archaic letters did not have official names; even into the modern period, scholars described them using a variety of names. In 1992, the National Institute of Korean Language (NIKL) met and decided which official names to give the archaic letters; these names were to be applied to Unicode.[3][4] These names were then romanized using the ISO/TR 11941 romanization system (but without apostrophes).[5]

NIKL names for archaic jamo[3][6]
Jamo Name RR Unicode[5]
ㅱ 가벼운 미음 gabyeoun mieum kapyeoun mieum
ㅸ 가벼운 비읍 gabyeoun bieup kapyeoun pieup
ㅿ 반시옷 bansiot pansios
ㆆ 여린 히읗 yeorin hieut yeorin hieuh
ㆁ 옛이응 yennieung yesieung
ㆄ 가벼운 피읖 gabyeoun pieup kapyeoun phieuph
ㅹ 가벼운 쌍비읍 gabyeoun ssangbieup kapyeoun ssangpieup
ᅇ 쌍이응 ssangieung ssangieung
ㆅ 쌍히읗 ssanghieut ssanghieuh
ㆍ 아래아 araea araea
ᆢ 쌍아래아 ssangaraea ssangaraea
ᄼ 치두음 시옷 chidueum siot chitueum sios
ᄽ 치두음 쌍시옷 chidueum ssangsiot chitueum ssangsios
ᄾ 정치음 시옷 jeongchieum siot ceongchieum sios
ᄿ 정치음 쌍시옷 jeongchieum ssangsiot ceongchieum ssangsios
ᅎ 치두음 지읒 chidueum jieut chitueum cieuc
ᅏ 치두음 쌍지읒 chideum ssangjieut chitueum ssangcieuc
ᅐ 정치음 지읒 jeongchieum jieut ceongchieum cieuc
ᅑ 정치음 쌍지읒 jeongchieum ssangjieut ceongchieum ssangcieuc
ᅔ 치두음 치읓 chidueum chieut chitueum chieuch
ᅕ 정치음 치읓 jeongchieum chieut ceongchieum chieuch

Hangul syllables

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"Hangul syllables" redirects here. For the Unicode block, see Hangul Syllables.
See also: List of modern Hangul characters in ISO/IEC 2022–compliant national character set standards

With 19 possible initial consonants, 21 possible medial (one- or two-letter) vowels, and 28 possible final consonants (of which one corresponds to the case of no final consonant), there are a total of 19 × 21 × 28 = 11,172 theoretically possible "Korean syllable letters" (Korean: 글자; RR: geulja; lit. letter),[7] which are contiguously encoded in the 11,172 Unicode code points from U+AC00 (Decimal: 44,03210) through U+D7A3 (Decimal: 55,20310= 44,032 + 11,171) within the Hangul Syllables Unicode block. However, the majority of these theoretically possible syllables do not correspond to syllables found in actual Korean words or proper names.

Jump to tables with initial letter:

ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Sohn, Ho-Min (2001). The Korean Language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-0-521-36943-5.
  2. ^ 홍윤표 (June 2018). "한글 사용에 남북한은 어떠한 차이가 있을까?" [What differences are there in the use of Hangul between North and South Korea?]. 한박웃음 (in Korean). No. 59. National Hangeul Museum. Retrieved 2025-09-23.
  3. ^ a b 홍윤표. "없어진 한글 자모, 어떤 소리를 나타낸 것일까요?" [What sounds did archaic Hangul jamo make?]. National Institute of Korean Language (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2014-12-11. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  4. ^ 홍윤표 2019, p. 70.
  5. ^ a b "Hangul Jamo". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
  6. ^ 홍윤표 2019, p. 71.
  7. ^ Lee, Sung-jae. 한글 자모의 배열 순서 [The order of Korean alphabet]. National Institute of Korean Language (in Korean). Retrieved 3 June 2025.

Sources

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