Indo-Greek Samrajya
Indo-Greek Kingdom | |||||||||||||
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| 200 BC–10 AD | |||||||||||||
 Ek haanthi aur ek "saamp ke dandaa" ek Demetrius I ke coin pe, jon Indo-Greek Samrajya ke suruu kare waala rahaa.
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 Raajya ke ilaaka (note: hoe sake waala conquest Menander I ke, Gangetic plains ke nai dekhaawa gais hae) | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Alexandria in the Caucasus[1] Taxila Sagala | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Koine Greek Pali Sanskrit Prakrit | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Greco-Buddhism (Ruling dynasty) Other religions Ancient Greek religion Buddhism Hinduism Jainism Zoroastrianism | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| Basileus | |||||||||||||
• 200–180 BC | Demetrius I (first) | ||||||||||||
• 165/155–130 BC | Menander I | ||||||||||||
• 25 BC–10 AD | Strato III (last) | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Antiquity | ||||||||||||
• Established | 200 BC | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 10 AD | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
| 150 BC[2] | 1,100,000 km2 (420,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Afghanistan Pakistan India | ||||||||||||
Indo-Greek Samrajya, jiske Yavana Kingdom ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, ek Hellenistic-era Greek samrajya rahaa, jon abhi ke Afghanistan aur Pakistan ke kuchh hissa ke cover kare hae.[3][4][5][6][7][8]
"Indo-Greek Kingdom" motaa taur pe uu sab Greek states ke bola jaawe hae jon regional capitals jaise Taxila, Sagala, Pushkalavati, aur Bagram se raaj karat rahin.[9][10][11] Duusra jagha bhi hoe sake hae, jaise Ptolemy ke Geographia aur ii naam ke baad waala raaja log kaam me laawat rahin jon ii suggest kare hae ki ek Theophilus Indo-Greek sphere of influence saait raaj dhani rahaa hoe.
Ii sanrajya uu time suruu bhais rahaa, jab Graeco-Bactrian raaja Demetrius I, India ke Bactria se Bactria 200 BC me invade karis rahaa.[12] Jon Greeks log Seleucid Empire ke east me rahin, kuchh din baad divide hoe ke Graeco-Bactrian Samrajya aur Indo-Greek Samrajya, North Western Indian Subcontinent me.[13]
Aapan dui sau saal ke raaj me, Indo-Greek raaja log Greek aur Indian bhasa aur chinh ke combine kare rahin, jaise uulog ke coin me dekhae hae , aur Greek aur Indian ideas ke combine karaa gais rahaa, jaise archaeological remains me dekha jaawe hae.[14] Indo-Greek culture ke Indian sanskriti me asar abhi bhi dekha jaawe hae, jaada kar ke Greco-Buddhist art se.[15] Indo-Greek ke jaat bhi saait milaawal rahaa kuch had talak. Euthydemus I rahaa, Polybius ke anusaar,[16] ek Magnesian Greek. Uske larrka, Demetrius I, founder of Indo-Greek samrajya ke suruu kare waala, kamti-se-kamti Greek jaat ke rahaa, uske pitaji ke bagal se. Ek saadi ke sandhi Demetrius ke Seleucid ruler Antiochus III se. Baad ke Indo-Greek rulers ke jaat clear nai hae. [17] Jaise, Artemidoros (80 BC) ke Indo-Scythian descent ke rahe ke rahaa, lekin aaj-kal iske ek samaan Indo-Greek raaja maana jaawe hae.[18]
Menander I, jon sab se jaana-maana Indo-Greek raaja rahaa, ke jaada kar ke khaali "Menander," ke naam se jaana jaawe hae ii rahe par bhi ke ek aur Indo-Greek raaja ke naam Menander II rahaa. Menander I ke capital Sakala Punjab (abhi ke Sialkot) me rahaa. Menander ke maut ke baad, uske samrajya chhotaa-chhotaa tukrraa me bat gay rahin aur Indo-Greek influence kamti hoe gais rahaa. Ravi Naddi ke east ke dher sanrajya aur republics aapan coin ke banae lagin jisme yudh me safalta dekhaawa jaawat rahaa.[19] Isme se sab se khaas Yaudheya Republic, Arjunayanas, aur Audumbaras. Yaudheyas aur Arjunayanas duuno ke bola jaawe hae "victory by the sword".[20] Datta raaj-kul aur Mitra raaj- Mathura me rahin.
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Tarn, William Woodthorpe (1966), "Alexandria of the Caucasus and Kapisa", The Greeks in Bactria and India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 460–462, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511707353.019, ISBN 9781108009416
- ↑ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History 3 (3/4): 132. doi:10.2307/1170959.
- ↑ Jackson J. Spielvogel (14 September 2016). Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500. Cengage Learning. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-305-95281-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=l_S6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96. "The invasion of India by a Greco-Bactrian army in ... led to the creation of an Indo-Greek kingdom in northwestern India (present-day India and Pakistan)."
- ↑ Erik Zürcher (1962). Buddhism: its origin and spread in words, maps, and pictures. St Martin's Press. p. 45. https://books.google.com/books?id=73YWAQAAMAAJ. "Three phases must be distinguished, (a) The Greek rulers of Bactria (the Oxus region) expand their power to the south, conquer Afghanistan and considerable parts of north-western India, and establish an Indo-Greek kingdom in the Panjab where they rule as 'kings of India'; i"
- ↑ Heidi Roupp (4 March 2015). Teaching World History: A Resource Book. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-317-45893-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA171. "There were later Indo-Greek kingdoms in northwest India. ..."
- ↑ Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA74. "They are referred to as 'Indo-Greeks' and there were about forty such kings and rulers who controlled large areas of northwestern India and Afghanistan. Their history ..."
- ↑ Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Pratapaditya Pal (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. University of California Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-520-05991-7. https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa. "Since parts of their territories comprised northwestern India, these later rulers of Greek origin are generally referred to as Indo-Greeks."
- ↑ Joan Aruz; Elisabetta Valtz Fino (2012). Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-58839-452-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=p4_it5yw9WsC&pg=PA42. "The existence of Greek kingdoms in Central Asia and northwestern India after Alexander's conquests had been known for a long time from a few fragmentary texts from Greek and Latin classical sources and from allusions in contemporary Chinese chronicles and later Indian texts."
- ↑ Mortimer Wheeler Flames over Persepolis (London, 1968). Pp. 112 ff. It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as "not a Greek city but an Indian one"; not a polis or with a Hippodamian plan.
- ↑ "Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 83.
- ↑ McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at Sanghol in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p. 377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be a city, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the sea."
- ↑ Thonemann, Peter (2016-01-14) (in en). The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97. ISBN 978-1-316-43229-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=LamzCwAAQBAJ.
- ↑ "Indo-Greek Campaigns".
- ↑ "A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", India, the Ancient Past, Burjor Avari, p. 130
- ↑ Ghose, Sanujit (2011). "Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world". Ancient History Encyclopedia
- ↑ 11.34
- ↑ ("Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India". W. W. Tarn. Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 22 (1902), pp. 268–293).
- ↑ Osmund Bopearachchi Was Indo-Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo-Sctythian Maues
- ↑ "Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire -Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas- began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India
- ↑ Tarn, William Woodthorpe (2010-06-24). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108009416. https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA324.