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Kushan Samrajya

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Kushan Empire
कुषाणसाम्राज्यम् (Sanskrit)
Κοϸανο (Bactrian)
Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν (Ancient Greek)
30–375
Capital1st Century BCE: Kapisa/Pushkalavati;
from 1st century CE: Purushapura/Mathura
3rd and 4th centuries CE: Taxila
Common languagesGreek (official until c. 127)[note 1]
Bactrian[note 1] (official from c. 127)[note 2]
Gandhari Prakrit[3]
Hybrid Sanskrit[3]
Religion
Hinduism[4]
Buddhism[5]
Zoroastrianism[6]
Demonym(s)Kushanas (Yuezhi)
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 25–85
Kujula Kadphises (first)
• 350–375
Kipunada (last)
Historical eraClassical Antiquity
• Kujula Kadphises unites Yuezhi tribes into a confederation
30
• Subjugated by the Sasanians, Guptas and Hepthalites[7]
375
Area
200 (Low-end estimate of peak area)[8][9]2,000,000 km2 (770,000 sq mi)
200 (high-end estimate of peak area)[10]2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi)
CurrencyKushan dinara
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Indo-Scythians
Northern Satraps
Western Satraps
Maha-meghavahanas
Sasanian Empire
Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
Nagas of Padmavati
Kidarites
Nagas of Vindhyatabi
Gupta Empire
Kushan Empire ke naksa

Kushan Empire (c. 30–c. 375 CE) ek, dher dharam aur sanskriti waala, samrajya rahaa jiske Yuezhi log Bactrian territories me early 1st century me suruu kare rahin. Ii fael ke dher jagha jon abhi Afghanistan, eastern Iran, India, Pakistan, Western Nepal, Tajikistan aur Uzbekistan ke aapan niche karis rahaa.[11][12][13] Kushan ke ilaaka, India me, Saketa aur Sarnath, abhi Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh me talak faela rahaa, jahan pe inscriptions mila hae jon Kushan samraath Kanishka the Great ke date karis hae. .[note 3]

Kushans log Yuezhi confederation ke paanch branches me se ek rahin,[17][18] jon ek Indo-European nomadic log rahin, Tocharian origin ke, jon northwestern China (Xinjiang aur Gansu) se migrate hoe ke puraana Bactria me base rahin.[18] Ii dynasty ke suruu kare waala, Kujula Kadphises, Iranian aur Greek sankritik bichaar ke rahaa Greco-Bactrian tradition ke baad aur Shaivite sect of Hinduism ke biswas kare waala rahaa.[19] Kujula ke baad ke raaja bhi Hinduism me biswas karar rahin, jisme hae (but not limited to) Vima Kadphises aur Vasudeva II. Kushans log Buddhism ke patron rahin, aur Emperor Kanishka se, uulog Zoroastrianism ke bhi aapan biswas me saamil kare rahin.[20] II log ke khaas haanth Buddhism ke Central Asia aur China me failae me rahaa, jiske kaaran 200 saal ke santi rahaa, jiske kabi-kabhi "Pax Kushana" bola jaawe hae.[21]

Kushans saait Greek bhasa ke kaam me laawat rahin, suruu me administration ke khaatir lekin baad me Eastern Iranian Bactrian bhasa ke kaam me laae lagin. Kanishka aapan sena ke north Karakoram pahaarr me bhejis rahaa. Ek sidha rasta Gandhara se China Kushan control ke niche sau saal se jaada talak rahaa, jiske kaaran log Karakoram ke uppar se jaae sakat rahin, aur spread of Mahayana Buddhism ke China talak faelae me madat karis rahaa. Kushan raaj-kul ke diplomatic Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, Aksumite Empire, aur China ke Han dynasty se rahaa. Kushan Empire, Roman Empire aur China ke trade ke centre me rahaa: Alain Daniélou ke anusaar, "for a time, the Kushana Empire was the centerpoint of the major civilizations".[22] Jab dher philosophy, art, aur vigyan ke Kushan Samrajya me suruu kara gais rahaa , iske likha gais record, duusra bhasa se aawe hae, khaas kar ke Chinese se.[23]

Kushan map

References

[badlo | source ke badlo]
  1. ↑ Falk 2001, p. 133.
  2. ↑ Rosenfield 1967, pp. 7 & 8.
  3. 1 2 Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (11 February 2011) (in en). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-081972-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA952.
  4. ↑ Bopearachchi 2007, p. 45.
  5. ↑ Liu 2010, p. 61.
  6. ↑ Golden 1992, p. 56.
  7. ↑ "Afghanistan: Central Asian and Sassanian Rule, ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D." Library of Congress Country Studies. 1997. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  8. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  9. ↑ Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020) (in en). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92.
  10. ↑ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History 3 (3/4): 132. doi:10.2307/1170959.
  11. ↑ Anonymous. "The History of Pakistan: The Kushans". Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  12. ↑ Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World. The mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-Săng [by Hsüan-chih Yang Ta-T'ang si-yu-ki. Books 1–5]. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.. 1906. https://books.google.com/books?id=hD9AxsfuV-wC.
  13. ↑ Hill 2009, pp. 29, 318–350.
  14. ↑ Falk 2001, pp. 121–136.
  15. ↑ Falk 2004, pp. 167–176.
  16. ↑ Hill 2009, pp. 29, 33, 368–371.
  17. ↑ Runion, Meredith L. (2007). The history of Afghanistan. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-313-33798-7. "The Yuezhi people conquered Bactria in the second century BCE. and divided the country into five chiefdoms, one of which would become the Kushan Empire. Recognizing the importance of unification, these five tribes combined under the one dominate Kushan tribe, and the primary rulers descended from the Yuezhi."
  18. 1 2 Liu, Xinru (2001). "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia". In Adas, Michael. Agricultural and pastoral societies in ancient and classical history. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-56639-832-9.
  19. ↑ Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, V. M.; Harmatta, J.; Puri, Baij Nath; Etemadi, G. F.; Litvinskiĭ, B. A. (1992–2005). History of civilizations of Central Asia. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 310. ISBN 92-3-102719-0. OCLC 28186754. ""Contrary to earlier assumptions, which regarded Kujula Kadphises as Buddhist on the basis of this epithet [dharmasthita- "steadfast in the Law"], it is now clear from the wording of a Mathura inscription, in which Huvishka bears the same epithet satyadharmasthita that the kingdom was conferred upon him by Sarva and Scamdavira (Candavira), that is, he was a devotee of Siva.""
    The Mathura inscription in question is documented in Lüders 1961, p.138ff
  20. ↑ Grenet, Frantz (2015). "Zoroastrianism among the Kushans". In Falk, Harry. Kushan histories. Literary sources and selected papers from a symposium at Berlin, December 5 to 7, 2013. Bremen: Hempen Verlag.
  21. ↑ Aldrovandi, Cibele; Hirata, Elaine (June 2005). "Buddhism, Pax Kushana and Greco-Roman motifs: pattern and purpose in Gandharan iconography" (in en). Antiquity 79 (304): 306–315. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00114103. ISSN 0003-598X. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/buddhism-pax-kushana-and-grecoroman-motifs-pattern-and-purpose-in-gandharan-iconography/2D71B3DA60DB2549959DA7BDE49B9E69.
  22. ↑ Daniélou, Alain (2003). A Brief History of India. Simon and Schuster. p. 111. ISBN 9781594777943. https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT111.
  23. ↑ Hill 2009, p. 36 and notes.
  1. 1 2 The Kushans at first retained the Greek language for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian Rabatak inscription (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king Kanishka the Great (c. 127 AD), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language").[1]
  2. ↑ The Pali word vaṃśa (dynasty) affixed to Gushana (Kushana), i.e. Gushana-vaṃśa (Kushan dynasty) appears on a dedicatory inscription at Manikiala stupa.[2]
  3. ↑ It began about 127 CE.[14][15][16]
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