Maurya Samrajya
Maurya Empire | |
|---|---|
| ca. 320 BCE – 185 BCE | |
 Maurya Samrajya ke failaav 260 BCE ke time aur Chandragupta, Bindusara aur Ashoka ke yogdaan.[2] | |
| Status | Empire |
| Capital | Pataliputra (abhi ke Patna ke lage) |
| Common languages | Sanskrit (parrhai/likhaai me), Magadhi Prakrit (maatr bhasa) |
| Religion | |
| Demonym(s) | Indian |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Emperor | |
• ca. 321–298 BCE | Chandragupta (pahila) |
• 298–272 BCE | Bindusara (duusra) |
• 268–232 BCE | Ashoka (tiisra) |
• 232–224 BCE | Dasharatha (chauthaa) |
• 224–215 BCE | Samprati ()paanchwa |
• 215–202 BCE | Shalishuka (chhataa) |
• 202–195 BCE | Devavarman (saatwa) |
• 195–187 BCE | Shatadhanvan (aathwa) |
• 187–185 BCE | Brihadratha (nauaa & aakhri) |
| Historical era | Iron Age |
| ca. 320 BCE | |
| 261 BCE | |
| 185 BCE | |
| Area | |
| 261 BCE[10] | 3,400,000 km2 (1,300,000 sq mi) |
| 250 BCE[11] | 5,000,000 km2 (1,900,000 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 3rd century BC | 15,000,000–30,000,000 |
| Currency | Karshapana |
| Today part of | South Asia |
Maurya Samrajya, South Asia ke ek barraa empire rahaa, jiske rajdhani Magadha me rahaa. Iske Chandragupta Maurya lagbhag 320 BC me suruu karis rahaa aur ii 185 BC talak rahaa. Ii empire ke baare me jaankari Greece ke Megasthenes aur Ashoka ke Edicts se mila hae.[12]
Yudh me vijay aur kuutnitik sandhi se, Chandragupta Maurya, Nanda dynasty ke harae ke aapan adhikaar ke pachchhim me Afghanistan talak, Hindu Kush ke niche aur dakchhin me uttar Deccan talak failae diis rahaa; lekin, Magadha ilaaka se duur, uu jamaana ke technology aur infrastructure ke kaaran uske raaj samaj ke gahiraai me nai jaae sakaa rahaa. Chandragupta ke potaa, Ashoka (ca. 268–232 BCE) ke raaj me, ii samrajya kuchh saal talak subcontinent ke sab rasta aur naddi ke control karat rahaa, ekdam south ke chhorr ke. Maurya ke raajdhaani (jon abhi ke Patna hae), Magadha me rahaa; aur khaas ilaaka rahaa Taxila northwest me; Ujjain, Malwa Plateau me; Kalinga Bay of Bengal ke coast me; aur sher kiimti dhaatu waala lower Deccan Plateau. Iske baahar, samrajya ke pakarr, senapati ke wafaadaari pe nibhar rahaa, jon uu sab city ke control karat rahin jon duur rahaa.
Mauryan economy ke Buddhism aur Jainism ke barrhe se madat mila rahaa— ii dharam ahimsa ke promote kare hae, bina koi kaaran ke sacrifices aur rituals ke virod karat rahin, aur vaypaar kare ke kharchaa ke kamti kar de rahin sikka ke kaam me laae ke; aur likhaai se vyapaa aur barrha rahaa. Purab me Ganga ke plains me achchhaa aamdani waala kheto ke baawajuut, samundar aur naddi se trade ke aawakshataa rahaa jisse kuchh khaas chij jaise consumption goods aur bahmulya dhaatu ke paawa jaawe sake. Sardi ke mausam me trade ke barrhaawa de ke khaatir, Maurya raaj-kul rasta banaae rahin, jisme se khaas uu hae jon eastern Afghanistan ke capital Pataliputra se jorre hae, saal ke uu time me jab naddi me paani kamti rahe hae aur iske sahaj me paar karaa jaae sake hae. Duusra rasta Ganga ke basin ke west me Arabian Sea coast se jurre hae, aur precious metal-rich mines se dakchhin me.[13]
Naam
[badlo | source ke badlo]Ashoka ke raaj ke s 𑀚𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀤𑀻𑀧 Jaṃbudīpa naam lewa jaawe hae his edicts me. Ii sabd ke naam "island/continent of jambu" hae, jon puura Indian subcontinent ke naam puraana Indian sources me hae. Parrosi des ke log ii jagha ke dher upnaam se bolat rahin, jaise ke Greek Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ (Indíā, jon Indus Naddi se aais hae), jisse dher European bhasa me ii common naam subcontinent ke aais hae, jisme English bhi hae. Ii duuno sabd, jaada kar ke geographical hae, political nai, aur saadhaaran bhasa me isme uu ilaaka bhi hoe sakat rahaa jon Maurya ke adikaar ke niche nai rahaa.
"Maurya" naam ke Edicts of Ashoka me nai dekha jaawe hae, aur uu jamaana ke Greek accounts, jaise ki Megasthenes's Indica me bhi nai, jiske ii sab source se saabut mile hae:[14]
- Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (c. 150 CE) me "Maurya" naam ke Chandragupta aur Ashoka ke naam ke aage lagaawa gais hae.[14]
- Puranas (c. 4th century CE or earlier) Maurya ke ek dynastic appellation ke ruup me kaam me laawe hae.[14]
- Buddhist texts batawe hae ki Chandragupta "Moriya" gut, jon Shakyas rahin, ke rahaa, wahii gut jiske Gautama Buddha rahaa.[14]
- Jain texta bataawe hae ki Chandraguptaek imperial superintendent of peacocks (mayura-poshaka) ke larrka rahaa.[14]
- Tamil Sangam literature iske 'moriyar' kare hae aur Nandas ke naam ke baad me lagaawe hae[15]
- Kuntala inscription (from the town of Bandanikke, North Mysore) jon 12th century AD ke hae, ii batae hae ki Maurya ek gut rahaa jon ii ilaaka pe raaj karat rahaa.[16]
Patan
[badlo | source ke badlo]Ashoka ke bād kamzor rājā log āe, aur samrajya dhīre-dhīre tukra-tukra hū gaye. Dasharatha aur Samprati jaise rājā log ilāka sambhāl na sake, aur kayi bhāg alag hote gai. Bāhar ke hamlā, bhaari prashāsan, aur kendriya shakti ke kamjor honā bhi patan ke kāran rahaa. Ant mẽ 180 BCE mẽ rājā Brihadratha ke uske senaapati Pushyamitra Shunga dwārā hathyā ke bād Maurya Samrajya samaapt hū gayā, aur Shunga Vansh uṭh ke āyā.[17]
References
[badlo | source ke badlo]- "A Timeline of South Asian History – Mauryan Empire (321–181 BCE), Plate III.B.4". A Timeline of South Asian History. Harvard University. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
- ↑ "A Timeline of South Asian History – Mauryan Empire (321–181 BCE), Plate III.B.4". A Timeline of South Asian History. Harvard University. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
- ↑ Nath Sen 1999, p. 164, (215) 217.
- ↑ Smith 1981, p. 99.
- ↑ Dalrymple 2009.
- ↑ Keay 1981, p. 85-86.
- 1 2 Bronkhorst 2020, p. 68.
- 1 2 Long 2020, p. 255.
- ↑ Boyce & Grenet 1991, p. 149.
- ↑ Taagepera 1979, p. 132.
- ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
- ↑ The Times compact history of the world. Internet Archive. London : Times Books. 2008. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-00-726731-6. http://archive.org/details/timescompacthist0000unse_g4l2.
- ↑ Template:Harvtxt: "Knitting these regions together were important trade routes. The northern road (uttarapatha) extended from Bengal to Taxila; another branched from the Ganges near the juncture with the Yamuna, joined the Narmada basin and continued to the Arabian seaport of Bharukaccha (Broach). Yet another branched southward (dakshinapatha) from Ujjain to the regional capital of Suvarnagiri, a centre for the production of gold and iron"
- 1 2 3 4 5 Irfan Habib & Vivekanand Jha 2004, p. 14.
- ↑ Singh, Upinder (2008) (in en). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131716779. https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&q=mokur+sangam+poem&pg=PA385.
- ↑ "Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903" – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ Thapar, Romila (2012). Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.003.0031. ISBN 9780198077244. https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-chapter-7.