Olympe de Gouges

Olympe de Gouges
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Marie Gouze
Haihuwa	Montauban (mul) , 7 Mayu 1748
ƙasa	Faransa
Harshen uwa	Occitan (en)
Mutuwa	Faris, 3 Nuwamba, 1793
Yanayin mutuwa	hukuncin kisa (kashe kai)
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama	Louis-Yves Aubry (mul)  (24 Oktoba 1765 -
Yara	view Pierre Aubry de Gouges (en)
Karatu
Harsuna	Faransanci Occitan (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	marubucin wasannin kwaykwayo, ɗan jarida, mai falsafa, marubuci, ɗan siyasa da author (en)
Muhimman ayyuka	Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (en) Q25389160
Mamba	Society of the Friends of Truth (en)
Sunan mahaifi	Olympe de Gouges
Imani
Addini	deism (en)
Jam'iyar siyasa	Girondists (en)

Olympe na Gouges (; an haife ta Marie Gouze; 7 ga Mayu 1748 - 3 ga Nuwamba 1793) marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Faransa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkokin mata da siyasa. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a gwagwarmayar 'Yancin mata da na' yan kasa mata da sauran rubuce-rubuce game da' yancin mata da abolitionism.frfrfr –

An haife ta a kudu maso yammacin Faransa, de Gouges ta fara aikinta na musamman a matsayin marubuciya a Paris a cikin shekarun 1780. Mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, tana ɗaya daga cikin masu adawa da bautar jama'a na farko a Faransa. Wasanni da litattafan ta sun kunshi batutuwa daban-daban ciki har da kisan aure da aure, haƙƙin yara, rashin aikin yi da Tsaro na jama'a. Baya ga kasancewa marubuciya da kuma mai fafutukar siyasa, ta kuma kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta ɗan lokaci kafin juyin juya halin. De Gouges ya yi maraba da barkewar Juyin Juya Halin Faransa amma nan da nan ya zama mai sanyin gwiwa lokacin da ba a ba da daidaito ga mata ba. A cikin shekara ta 1791, don mayar da martani ga Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na' Yan kasa ta 1789, de Gouges ta buga sanarwar' 'Yancin yara da na' yan kasa mata, inda ta kalubalanci aikin ikon namiji kuma ta ba da shawarar daidaito ga mata.

De Gouges yana da alaƙa da Girondins masu matsakaici kuma yana adawa da kisan Louis na XVI. Rubuce-rubucen da ta yi, wanda ya kai farmaki ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Maximilien Robespierre da gwamnatin juyin juya hali a lokacin mulkin ta'addanci, ya haifar da kama ta da kisa ta hanyar guillotine a cikin shekara ta 1793.

Tarihin rayuwa

Haihuwar haihuwa da iyayen

Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan, wanda aka yi jita-jita cewa shi ne mahaifin Olympe de Gouges

An haifi Marie Gouze a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1748 a Montauban, Quercy (a cikin sashen Tarn-et-Garonne na yanzu), a kudu maso yammacin Faransa. Mahaifiyarta, Anne Olympe Mouisset Gouze, 'yar iyali ce mai zaman kanta. Sanarwar mahaifinta ba ta da tabbas. Mahaifinta na iya zama mijin mahaifiyarta, Pierre Gouze, ko kuma ta kasance 'yar Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan. Marie Gouze ta karfafa jita-jita cewa Pompignan ita ce mahaifinta, kuma ana ɗaukar dangantakarsu mai yiwuwa amma "a tarihi ba za a iya tabbatar da ita ba". Sauran jita-jita a ƙarni na goma sha takwas sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa mahaifinta na iya zama Louis XV, amma wannan ganewar ba a dauke ta gaskiya ba.

Iyalin Pompignan suna da dangantaka ta kusa da dangin Mouisset na mahaifiyar Marie Gouze, Anne. Lokacin da aka haifi Anne a shekara ta 1714, ɗan fari na Pompignan, Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignin (shekara biyar), shi ne mahaifinta. Mahaifin Anne ya koya masa yayin da yake girma. A lokacin yarantakarsu, Pompignan ya kasance kusa da Anne, amma an raba shi da ita a 1734 lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa Paris. Anne ta auri Pierre Gouze, mai yankan nama, a cikin 1737 kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku kafin Marie, ɗa da' ya'ya mata biyu. Pompignan ya koma Montauban a shekara ta 1747, shekara guda kafin haihuwar Marie.An amince da Pierre a matsayin mahaifin Marie. Pierre bai halarci baftismar Marie ba a ranar 8 ga Mayu. Mahaifinta ma'aikaci ne mai suna Jean Portié, kuma mahaifiyarta mace mai suna Marie Grimal . Pierre ya mutu a shekara ta 1750.

Babban goyon baya ga gano Pompignan a matsayin mahaifin Marie Gouze an samo shi ne a cikin littafinta mai suna Mémoires de Madame de Valmont, wanda aka buga bayan mutuwar Pompigni. A cewar ɗan siyasa na zamani Jean-Baptiste Poncet-Delpech da sauransu, "dukan Montauban" sun san cewa Pompignan shine mahaifin Gouze. Koyaya, wasu masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da cewa mai yiwuwa ne Gouze ta ƙirƙiri labarin don tarihinta don haɓaka matsayinta da matsayi na zamantakewa lokacin da ta koma Paris.

Rayuwa ta farko

Olympe de Gouges ɗan, Pierre Aubry

Marie-Olympe de Gouges (a hukumance Marie Gouze) an haife ta ne a cikin iyali mai arziki, kuma kodayake mahaifiyarta ta kasance mai koyarwa a asirce, ba ta da ilimi na ainihi kanta. An ruwaito cewa ba ta iya karatu da rubutu ba, an ce ta fada wa sakatare.

Gouze ta yi aure a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1765 ga Louis Yves Aubry, mai ba da abinci, ba tare da son zuciyarta ba.[1] Jarumar littafinta mai suna Mémoires tana da goma sha huɗu a bikin aurenta; sabuwar Marie Aubry kanta tana da goma ya bakwai. Littafinta ya yi tir da auren sosai: "Na auri mutumin da ban ƙauna ba kuma wanda ba mai arziki ba ne ko kuma wanda aka haife shi da kyau. An sadaukar da ni ba tare da wani dalili ba wanda zai iya biyan ƙyamar da na ji ga wannan mutumin. " Marie ta fi girma arziki ya ba da damar sabon mijinta Louis ya bar ma'aikacinsa kuma ya fara kasuwancin kansa. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1766, ta haifi ɗansu, Pierre Aubry . A wannan Nuwamba, ambaliyar ruwa ta Tarn ta haifar da mutuwar Louis. Ba ta sake yin aure ba, tana kiran kafa aure "kabari na amincewa da ƙauna".

An san ta da sunan Marie Aubry, bayan mutuwar mijinta ta canza sunanta zuwa Olympe de Gouges, daga sunanta (Gouze) kuma ta kara sunan mahaifiyarta na tsakiya, Olympe . Ba da daɗewa ba, ta fara dangantaka da mai arziki Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, ɗan kasuwa daga Lyon.

Ka ƙaura zuwa Paris

A shekara ta 1768, Biétrix ta ba da kuɗin ƙaura ta de Gouges zuwa Paris, inda ya ba ta kuɗin shiga. Ta zauna tare da ɗanta da 'yar'uwarta. Ta yi hulɗa a cikin al'umma mai salo, a wani lokaci ana kiranta "ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi kyau na Paris," kuma ta kafa abota da Madam de Montesson da Louis Philippe II, Duke na Orléans . De Gouges ta halarci salons na fasaha da falsafa na Paris, inda ta sadu da marubuta da yawa, ciki har da La Harp, Mercier, da Chamfort, da kuma 'yan siyasa na gaba kamar Brissot da Condorcet . Yawancin lokaci ana gayyatarta zuwa salons na Madam de Montesson da Comtesse de Beauharnais, waɗanda su ma marubuta ne.

De Gouges ta fara aikinta a matsayin marubuciya a birnin Paris, inda ta wallafa wani littafi a shekara ta 1784 sannan ta fara aiki a matsayin marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo. A matsayinta na mace daga lardin kuma mai ƙanƙanta ta tsara kanta don dacewa da kafawar Paris. De Gouges ta sanya hannu kan wasiƙunta na jama'a tare da citoyenne, fasalin mata na '<i id="mwww">'Yar ƙasa</i>. A cikin Faransa kafin juyin juya hali babu 'Yan ƙasa, kuma marubutan sun kasance talakawan sarki, amma a cikin juyin juya halin Faransa akwai' yan ƙasa kawai. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1792 ne Yarjejeniyar ta ba da umarnin amfani da citoyenne don maye gurbin Madame da Mademoiselle.

Code Noir, dokar da Sarki Louis na 14 ya zartar a cikin shekara ta 1685. Code Noir ya bayyana yanayin Bautar a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa kuma ya ƙuntata ayyukan 'yan Negroes'Baƙi

A shekara ta 1788 ta wallafa Réflexions sur les hommes nègres, wanda ke buƙatar tausayi ga halin da bayi ke ciki a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Ga de Gouges akwai alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin mulkin mallaka a Faransa da kuma kafa bautar. Ta yi jayayya cewa "Mutane a ko'ina suna da daidaito... Sarakuna waɗanda suke kawai ba sa son bayi; sun san cewa suna da batutuwa masu biyayya. " Ta zo ga hankalin jama'a tare da wasan L'Esclavage des Noirs, wanda aka shirya a sanannen Comédie-Française a cikin 1785. Matsayinta game da bautar a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya sanya ta zama abin barazana. Wadanda suka yi tunanin cewa wurin mace bai kasance a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ba sun kai wa De Gouges hari. Mai tasiri Abraham-Joseph Bénard ya ce "Mme de Gouges tana ɗaya daga cikin matan da mutum ke jin kamar ba da takalma a matsayin kyauta, waɗanda ta hanyar halayensu suka rasa halayen jima'i masu ban sha'awa... Kowane marubucin mace yana cikin matsayi na ƙarya, ba tare da la'akari da baiwarta ba. " De Gouges ya yi tawaye: "Na ƙaddara in zama nasara, kuma zan yi hakan duk da abokan gaba na". Amma wasan ya rufe bayan wasanni uku; masu gabatar da kara sun biya masu tayar da hankali don lalata wasan kwaikwayon.

Siyasa ta juyin juya hali

Mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, de Gouges ya gaishe da barkewar juyin juya halin da bege da farin ciki, amma nan da nan ya zama mai sanyin gwiwa lokacin da ba a ba da daidaito ga mata ba. A cikin shekara ta 1791, tasirin John Locke game da haƙƙin halitta ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, de Gouges ya zama wani ɓangare na Society of the Friends of Truth, wanda aka fi sani da "Social Club", wanda shine ƙungiyar da burinta suka haɗa da kafa daidaitattun haƙƙin siyasa da na shari'a ga mata. Membobin wani lokaci sukan taru a gidan sanannen mai ba da shawara kan kare hakkin mata, Sophie na Condorcet . A cikin shekara ta 1791, don mayar da martani ga Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na' Yan kasa, ta rubuta Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne ("Sanarwar' Yancin Mata da na' yan kasa mata"). A cikin wannan takarda ta bayyana, a karo na farko, sanannen sanarwa:

Wata mace tana da 'yancin hawa kan sandar. Dole ne ta mallaki daidai haƙƙin hawa dandalin mai magana.

Wannan ya biyo bayan Yarjejeniyar Social ("Kwamitin Jama'a", mai suna bayan sanannen aikin Jean-Jacques Rousseau), yana ba da shawarar aure bisa ga daidaiton jinsi.

A cikin 1790 da 1791, a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa na Saint-Domingue (Haiti na yanzu), 'yanci masu launi da bayi na Afirka sun tayar da martani ga manufofin da aka bayyana a cikin sanarwar' yancin mutum da na ɗan ƙasa. De Gouges bai amince da juyin juya halin tashin hankali ba, kuma ya buga L'Esclavage des Noirs tare da gabatarwa a cikin 1792, yana jayayya cewa bayi da 'yanci waɗanda suka amsa ga mummunar bautar da "mummunan azabtarwa" a bi da bi sun tabbatar da halayyar masu zalunci. A birnin Paris, magajin garin Paris ya zargi de Gouges da tayar da kayar baya a Saint-Domingue da wasan. Lokacin da aka sake shirya shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1792 wani tashin hankali ya ɓarke a birnin Paris.

De Gouges ta yi adawa da kisan Louis na XVI (wanda ya faru a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1793), wani bangare saboda adawa da hukuncin kisa kuma wani bangare ne saboda ta fi son mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki. Wannan ya sa ta fusata da yawa daga cikin 'yan Republican masu tsananin gaske, har ma a cikin ƙarni na gaba - kamar masanin tarihi na ƙarni na 19 Jules Michelet, mai tsananin kare juyin juya halin, wanda ya rubuta, "Ta yarda ta yi aiki da rubutu game da al'amuran da suka fi ɗaya waɗanda raunin kanta bai fahimta ba. " Michelet ta yi adawa da duk wani shiga siyasa da mata kuma saboda haka ba ta son de Gouges. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1792, lokacin da Louis na XVI ke gab da a gurfanar da shi, ta rubuta wa Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa tana ba da damar kare shi, wanda ya haifar da fushi tsakanin wakilai da yawa. A cikin wasikar ta ta yi jayayya cewa an yaudare shi - cewa yana da laifi a matsayin sarki, amma ba shi da laifi a matsayinsa na mutum, kuma ya kamata a kore shi maimakon a kashe shi.

Olympe de Gouges tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Gironde, wanda hakan ya haifar da kashe ta. Bayan kisan Louis na XVI ta zama mai taka tsantsan ga ƙungiyar Montagnard ta Robespierre kuma a cikin wasiƙu masu buɗewa ta soki tashin hankali da kashe-kashen da suka yi. Ba ta je guillotine ba saboda mata, kamar yadda mutane da yawa zasu iya tunani. Maimakon haka laifinta ya yada Tarayyar Tarayya a matsayin maye gurbin mulkin juyin juya halin Montagnard. Mulkin juyin juya hali a lokacin ta'addanci ya kasance tare da jaddada ikon siyasa na maza wanda ya haifar, alal misali, da korar mata daga kungiyoyin Jacobin.

Kamawa da kisa

Olympe na Gouges, 1793

Les trois urnes, hoton da Olympe de Gouges ya yi a shekara ta 1793 wanda ya kai ga kama ta da kisa

Yayin da juyin juya halin ya ci gaba, ta kara karfi a rubuce-rubucenta. A ranar 2 ga Yuni 1793, Jacobins na ƙungiyar Montagnard sun ɗaure fitattun Girondins; an tura su guillotine a watan Oktoba. A ƙarshe, hotonta Les Trois urnes, ou le Salut de la Patrie, par un voyageur aérien ("The Three Urns, or the Salvation of the Fatherland, by an Aerial Traveller") na 1793, ya kai ga kama ta. Olympe ya ba da umarni a cikin wannan littafin cewa "Yanzu lokaci ne don kafa gwamnati mai kyau wanda ƙarfinsa ya fito ne daga ƙarfin dokokinta; yanzu lokaci ne don dakatar da kisan kai da wahalar da suke haifar da ita, don kawai riƙe ra'ayoyin adawa. Bari kowa ya bincika lamirin su; bari su ga mummunar lahani da irin wannan rarrabuwa mai tsawo ya haifar... sannan kowa zai iya yin magana da yardar da yardar su don kawo karshen karshen karshen karshen yaƙin da suka fi haka. Wannan yanki ya bukaci plebiscite don zabi tsakanin nau'ikan gwamnati guda uku: na farko, jamhuriya mai haɗin kai, na biyu, gwamnatin tarayya, ko na uku, mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki. Matsalar ita ce dokar juyin juya halin ta sanya shi babban laifi ga kowa ya buga littafi ko takarda wanda ke ƙarfafa sake kafa mulkin mallaka.

An kama Marie-Olympe de Gouges a ranar 20 ga Yulin 1793. Kodayake an kama ta a watan Yuli, ba za ta hadu da ƙarshen rayuwarta ba har zuwa Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Bayan kama ta, kwamishinonin sun bincika gidanta don shaida. Lokacin da ba su iya samun wani a gidanta ba, ta kai su gidan ajiya inda ta ajiye takardunta. A can ne kwamishinonin suka sami wasan da ba a gama ba mai taken La France Sauvée ou le Tyran Détroné ("Faransa da aka kiyaye, ko The Tyrant Dethroned"). A cikin aikin farko (aikin farko da rabi ne kawai ya rage), Marie Antoinette tana shirin dabarun tsaro don riƙe mulkin mallaka mai rushewa kuma sojojin juyin juya hali suna fuskantar ta, gami da de Gouges kanta. Ayyukan farko sun ƙare tare da de Gouges yana tsawata wa sarauniya saboda yin niyyar tayar da kayar baya da kuma ba ta lacca game da yadda ya kamata ta jagoranci mutanenta. Dukansu de Gouges da mai gabatar da kara sun yi amfani da wannan wasan a matsayin shaida a shari'arta. Mai gabatar da kara ya yi iƙirarin cewa hoton de Gouges na sarauniya ya yi barazanar tayar da tausayi da goyon baya ga Royalists, yayin da de Gouges ya bayyana cewa wasan ya nuna cewa koyaushe ta kasance mai goyon bayan juyin juya halin.

Ta kwashe watanni uku a kurkuku ba tare da lauya ba yayin da alƙalin da ke jagorantar ya hana de Gouges haƙƙinta na shari'a ga lauya bisa la'akari da cewa tana da ikon wakiltar kanta. Wataƙila alƙalin ya kafa wannan gardamar ne akan halin de Gouges na wakiltar kanta a cikin rubuce-rubucenta. Ta hanyar abokanta, ta sami nasarar buga matani biyu: Olympe de Gouges au tribunal révolutionnaire ("Olympe de Gouge a kotun juyin juya hali"), inda ta ba da labarin tambayoyinta; da kuma aikinta na ƙarshe, Une patriote persécutée ("A [mace] patriot persecuted"), inda ta yi Allah wadai da Terror.

De Gouges ta sami ɗanta, Pierre Aubry, matsayi a matsayin mataimakin janar da shugaban battalion don musayar biyan 1,500 livres, kuma an dakatar da shi daga wannan ofishin bayan an kama ta. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1793 ta rubuta masa cewa: "Na mutu, ƙaunataccen ɗana, wanda aka azabtar da bautar gumaka ga mahaifata da kuma mutane. A ƙarƙashin abin rufe fuska na jamhuriya, abokan gaba sun kawo ni ba tare da nadama ba zuwa ga ma'auni. "

Kashe Olympe de Gouges

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1793, Kotun Juyin Juya Halin ta yanke mata hukuncin kisa, kuma an kashe ta saboda halin tayar da kayar baya da ƙoƙarin sake dawo da mulkin mallaka. An kashe Olympe ne kawai wata daya bayan an haramta Condorcet, kuma kwanaki uku kawai bayan an kashe shugabannin Girondin. An zubar da jikinta a Kabari na Madeleine . Lokaci na ƙarshe na Olympe an nuna shi ne ta hanyar wani dan kasar Paris wanda ba a san shi ba wanda ya rubuta tarihin abubuwan da suka faru:

jiya, da karfe bakwai da yamma, an kai wani mutum mai ban mamaki da ake kira Olympe de Gouges wanda ke da lakabin mace mai rubutu, zuwa ga ma'auni, yayin da duk Paris, yayin da yake sha'awar kyakkyawa, ya san cewa ba ta san haruffa ba. Ta kusanci ma'auni tare da kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankalinta a fuskarta, kuma ta tilasta fushin guillotine, wanda ya kore ta zuwa wannan wurin azabtarwa, don yarda da cewa ba a taɓa ganin irin wannan ƙarfin hali da kyau ba. Wannan mace... ta jefa kanta cikin juyin juya halin, jiki da rai. Amma da sauri ta fahimci yadda tsarin da Jacobins suka dauka ya kasance mai ban tsoro, sai ta zaɓi komawa matakan ta. Ta yi ƙoƙari ta fallasa masu laifi ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen da ta buga kuma ta sanya. Ba su taɓa gafarta mata ba, kuma ta biya bashin rashin kulawa da kanta.

Tasirin siyasa bayan mutuwar

Kashe Girondins

Hoton da ke nuna Robespierre yana kashe mai kisa bayan ya kashe kowa a Faransa.

An yi amfani da hukuncin kisa a matsayin gargadi ga sauran mata masu aiki a siyasa. A taron 15 ga Nuwamba 1793 na Commune, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette ya gargadi wani rukuni na mata da ke sanye da goron Phrygian, yana tunatar da su game da "Olympe de Gouges mai rashin kunya, wanda shine mace ta farko da ta fara kungiyoyin siyasa na mata, wanda ya watsar da kula da gidanta, don shiga cikin al'amuran Jamhuriyar, kuma wanda ya fada ƙarƙashin ramuwar gayya ta doka". Wannan halin da aka yi wa de Gouges ta hanyar siyasa ya yaudara, saboda de Gouges ba shi da wani rawar da ya taka wajen kafa kungiyar mata ta juyin juya halin Republican. A cikin rubuce-rubucenta na siyasa de Gouges ba ta yi kira ga mata su bar gidajensu ba, amma 'yan siyasa sun jefa ta a matsayin abokin gaba na tsari na halitta, kuma ta haka ne abokin gaba na jam'iyyar Jacobin mai mulki. Abin mamaki, ba a kashe mata biyu da suka fara kungiyar mata ta Revolutionary Republican, Claire Lacombe da Pauline Léon ba. Lacombe, Léon da Theroigne na Mericourt sun yi magana a kungiyoyin mata da na gauraye, da kuma Assemblée, yayin da de Gouges ya nuna rashin son shiga cikin magana a bainar jama'a, amma an buga littattafai da yawa. Koyaya, Chaumette ta kasance mai tsayayya da Girondins, kuma ta nuna de Gouges a matsayin wanda ba na halitta ba kuma ba na jamhuriya ba kafin a kashe ta.

An bayyana shekara ta 1793 a matsayin canji na ruwa don gina wurin mata a cikin juyin juya halin Faransa, da kuma rushewar Girondins 'Marianne. A wannan shekarar an kashe mata da yawa da ke da rawar jama'a a siyasa, ciki har da Madame Roland da Marie-Antoinette . Sabuwar 'yar Republican ita ce mahaifiyar Jamhuriyar Republican wacce ta kula da sabon dan kasa. A wannan lokacin Yarjejeniyar ta haramta dukkan kungiyoyin siyasa na mata kuma ta kashe mata da yawa masu aiki a siyasa. 1793 ya nuna farkon mulkin ta'addanci a bayan juyin juya halin Faransa, inda aka kashe dubban mutane. A duk faɗin duniya ta Atlantic masu lura da juyin juya halin Faransa sun firgita, amma manufofin 'yanci, daidaito, fraternité sun ɗauki rayuwarsu.

An sake buga sanarwar De Gouges game da 'Yancin Mata da na' Yanar Gizo kuma ya rinjayi rubuce-rubucen masu ba da shawara ga mata a duniyar Atlantic. Shekara guda bayan bugawa, a cikin 1792, mai lura da juyin juya halin Faransa Mary Wollstonecraft ta buga A Vindication of the Rights of Woman . Rubuce-rubuce game da mata da rashin hakkinsu sun zama samuwa a ko'ina. Kwarewar matan Faransa a lokacin juyin juya halin ya shiga cikin fahimtar jama'a.

Matan Amurka sun fara kiran kansu a matsayin birni ko 'Yan ƙasa kuma sun tafi kan tituna don cimma daidaito da' yanci. A wannan shekarar ne aka kashe de Gouges da takarda On the Marriage of Two Celebrated Widows an buga shi ba tare da sunansa ba, yana shelar cewa "masu shan wahala biyu, matan Amurka da Faransa, bayan sun yi watsi da mazajensu saboda rashin lafiyarsu, an yi la'akari da ƙirar zama tare a cikin ƙungiyar da abokantaka mafi tsananin. " An buga litattafan juyin juya hali waɗanda suka sanya mata a tsakiyar gwagwarmayar tashin hankali, kamar labarun da Helen Maria Williams da Leonora Sansay suka rubuta. A Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ta 1848 a Seneca Falls, an yi amfani da salon maganganu na Sanarwar' Yancin Mata da na Mata don fassara Sanarwar Independence ta Amurka a cikin Sanarwar Jin dadi, wanda ke buƙatar haƙƙin mata na jefa kuri'a.

Bayan an kashe ta ɗanta Pierre Aubry ya sanya hannu kan wata wasika inda ya musanta amincewarsa da gadonta na siyasa. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya canza sunanta a cikin bayanan, zuwa Marie Aubry, amma sunan da ta ba kanta ya jimre.

Rubuce-rubuce

Dukkanin wasannin Olympe de Gouges da litattafan suna nuna babban jigon aikin rayuwarta: fushi da rashin adalci na zamantakewa. Baya ga haƙƙin mata, de Gouges ta shiga batutuwa masu rikitarwa saki har da Cinikin bayi, kisan aure, kurkuku na masu bashi, haƙƙin yara, da tsarin aikin gwamnati ga marasa aikin yi. Yawancin ayyukanta sun gabatar da rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa na batutuwa biyu ko fiye. Duk da yake yawancin wasan kwaikwayo na mata da aka shirya a Comédie Française an buga su ba tare da izini ba ko kuma a ƙarƙashin sunayen maza, de Gouges ta karya al'ada; ba wai kawai ta buga ta amfani da sunanta ba, amma kuma ta tura iyakokin abin da aka ɗauka ya dace da batun ga mata masu wasan kwaikwayo - kuma ta tsayayya da sakamakon. Wani rikodin takardunta wanda aka kwace a lokacin kisa a shekara ta 1793 ya lissafa game da wasanni 40.

A shekara ta 1784 ta wallafa wani littafi mai suna Les Liaisons dangereuses (1782) na Pierre Choderlos na Laclos . Littafinta ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙunshi ainihin wasiƙu da aka musayar da mahaifinta Marquis de Pompignan, tare da sunayen da aka canza. "Madame Valmont" ta wakilci de Gouges kanta, kuma "Monsieur de Flaucourt" shine Pompignan. Cikakken taken littafin, wanda aka buga jim kadan bayan mutuwar Pompignan, ya nuna da'awarsa: Mémoires de Madame de Valmont sur l'ingratitude et la cruauté de la famille des Flaucourt avec la sienne dont les sieurs de Flaucoort on reçu tant de services (Madame de Valmont's Memoirs on the Ingratitude and Cruelty of the Flaucour Family Towards her Own, wanda ya ba da irin waɗannan Ayyuka ga Sirs Flauco Court).

A matsayinta na marubuciya, ta shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa na zamani kuma sau da yawa tana cikin gaba. Tare da Marquis de Condorcet, de Gouges an dauke shi daya daga cikin masu adawa da bautar Faransa.

Shirin farko na De Gouges da aka shirya shi ne Zamore da Mirza;; ko L'Heureux Naufrage [Zamore da Mirza; to The Happy Shipwreck] (1788). Ya jawo yabo daga abolitionists da hare-hare daga 'yan kasuwa masu goyon bayan bautar, shi ne wasan Faransanci na farko da ya mayar da hankali ba kawai kan rashin mutunci na bautar ba har ma da na farko da zai nuna hangen nesa na mutum na farko na bautar.

A cikin 1788 "Réflexions sur les Hommes Nègres" ta jawo hankali ga mummunar matsalar bayi a cikin mulkin mallaka na Faransa kuma ta yi Allah wadai da rashin adalci na ma'aikatar ta bayyana cewa "Na fahimci a sarari cewa karfi ne da nuna bambanci ne suka hukunta su ga wannan mummunar bautar, wanda Halitta ba ta taka rawa ba, kuma abin da rashin adalci da iko na fararen fata ne kawai ke da alhakin" kamar bayyana cewa "Mutanen da ke ko'ina daidai ne kawai... Sarakuna waɗanda suke son bayi; sun san cewa suna da alhakina".

A cikin aikin karshe na L'Esclavage des Noirs de Gouges ya bar maigidan mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ba bawa ba, ya yi addu'a don 'yanci: "Bari farin cikinmu na yau da kullun ya zama alamar farin ciki na' yanci". Ta yi daidai da bautar mulkin mallaka da zalunci na siyasa a Faransa. Ɗaya daga cikin masu bautar ya bayyana cewa dole ne Faransanci su sami 'yancin kansu, kafin su iya magance bautar. De Gouges ya kuma kai farmaki a bayyane game da ra'ayin cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam gaskiya ne a cikin juyin juya halin Faransa. Mai bautar ya yi sharhi game da halin da ake ciki a Faransa "Ikon maigidan daya kadai yana hannun dubban masu zalunci waɗanda ke tattake mutane a ƙarƙashin ƙafa. Mutane za su fashe sarƙonsu wata rana kuma za su yi ikirarin duk hakkinsu a ƙarƙashin dokar Halitta. Zai koya wa masu zalunci abin da mutane da suka haɗu ta hanyar zalunci mai tsawo kuma suka haskaka ta hanyar falsafar da za su iya yi". Duk da yake ya zama ruwan dare a Faransa don daidaita zalunci na siyasa da bautar, wannan kwatanci ne kuma ba ra'ayi na abolitionist ba.

Littattafan siyasa da wasiƙu

Shafin farko na Sanarwar 'Yancin Mata da na Mata

A cikin aikinta, de Gouges ta wallafa littattafai 68. An buga littafinta na farko na siyasa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1788, wani takarda mai taken Wasika ga mutane, ko aikin asusun kishin kasa. A farkon shekara ta 1789 ta wallafa Remarques Patriotiques inda ta gabatar da shawararta don tsaron jama'a, kula da tsofaffi, cibiyoyin yara marasa gida, masauki ga marasa aikin yi, da kuma gabatar da Tsarin juriya. A cikin wannan aikin, ta nuna kuma ta gabatar da batutuwan da Faransa ke fuskanta a kan iyakar juyin juya hali a rubuce "Faransa ta nutse cikin baƙin ciki, mutane suna wahala kuma Sarkin ya yi ihu. Majalisar tana buƙatar Babban Jami'in da Al'umma ba za su iya cimma yarjejeniya ba. Babu wata yarjejeniya game da zabar waɗannan tarurruka...The Third Estate, tare da dalili, ya yi iƙirarin murya daidai da na Malamai da Noble...don matsalolin da ke kara muni kowace rana" kuma ya bayyana wa sarki cewa "Mutanenku ba su da farin ciki. Ta kuma yi kira ga mata da su "tsage karkiyar bautar kunya". A wannan shekarar ta rubuta jerin litattafai a kan damuwa da zamantakewa, kamar yara marasa aure. A cikin waɗannan litattafan ta ci gaba da muhawara ta jama'a kan batutuwan da daga baya 'yan mata za su karɓa, kamar Flora Tristan . Ta ci gaba da buga rubutun siyasa tsakanin 1788 da 1791. Kamar kuka na mutum mai hikima, ta wata mace a mayar da martani ga Louis na XVI da ke kiran tare da Estates-General.

De Gouges ya rubuta sanannen Sanarwar 'Yancin Mata da na' Yancin Mata jim kadan bayan Sarki Louis na XVI ya tabbatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Faransa na 1791, kuma ya keɓe shi ga matarsa, Sarauniya Marie Antoinette . Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Faransa ya nuna haihuwar mulkin mallaka na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ya aiwatar da matsayin ɗan ƙasa. An bayyana 'yan ƙasa a matsayin maza sama da 25 waɗanda suka kasance "masu zaman kansu" kuma waɗanda suka biya harajin zabe. Wadannan 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin yin zabe. Bugu da ƙari, zama ɗan ƙasa mai aiki yana da matakai biyu, tare da waɗanda za su iya jefa kuri'a da waɗanda suka dace da mukamin gwamnati. Mata ba a ba su wani hakki na zama 'yan kasa ba. Kamar maza da ba za su iya biyan harajin zabe ba, yara, ma'aikatan gida, ma'aikata da bayi na karkara, Yahudawa, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ratayewa, mata ba su da' 'Yancin siyasa. A cikin canja wurin ikon mallaka ga al'ummar kundin tsarin mulki ya rushe tsohuwar gwamnatin, amma de Gouges ya yi jayayya cewa bai isa ba.

De Gouges ba ita kadai ce mata da ta yi ƙoƙari ta rinjayi tsarin siyasa na marigayi Enlightenment Faransa ba. Amma kamar rubuce-rubucen Etta Palm d'Aelders, Theroigne na Mericourt, Claire Lacombe, da Marquis de Condorcet, hujjojin ta sun fadi a kunnuwan kurma. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 masu tasiri na siyasa kamar su Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, da Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès ba su gamsu da batun daidaito ba.

A cikin wasiƙunta na siyasa na farko de Gouges ya nuna cewa ita mace ce, kuma tana magana "a matsayin mace". Ta yi jawabi ga wasiƙunta na jama'a, waɗanda aka buga sau da yawa a matsayin litattafai, ga 'yan siyasa kamar Jacques Necker, Duke na Orléans, ko sarauniya Marie Antoinette . Kamar sauran marubutan takardu a cikin juyin juya halin Faransa, ta yi magana daga gefen kuma ta yi magana game da kwarewarta a matsayin 'yar ƙasa tare da sha'awar rinjayar muhawara ta jama'a da ke gudana. A cikin wasiƙunta ta bayyana dabi'un Haskakawa, kuma ta yi sharhi game da yadda za a iya aiwatar da su, kamar kyawawan halaye, haƙƙin duniya, haƙƙin halitta da haƙƙin siyasa. A cikin harshe da aiki wannan muhawara ce tsakanin maza da kuma game da maza. 'Yan Jamhuriyar Republican sun tattauna kyawawan halaye na jama'a dangane da kishin kasa (la vertu mâle et républicaine). Ba a ba mata 'Yancin siyasa a cikin juyin juya halin Faransa ba, don haka de Gouges ta yi amfani da takardunta don shiga muhawara ta jama'a kuma ta yi jayayya cewa muhawara tana buƙatar haɗawa da muryar mata.

De Gouges ta sanya hannu kan takardunta tare da citoyenne . An ba da shawarar cewa ta karɓi wannan ra'ayi daga wasikar Rousseau Zuwa Jamhuriyar Geneva, inda yake magana kai tsaye ga nau'ikan Genevans guda biyu: "masu ƙaunataccen ''Yar ƙasa" ko "yan uwansa", da kuma masu manufa da virtueses Citoyenne, wato 'yan ƙasa mata. A cikin wasikar jama'a Remarques Patriotique daga Disamba 1788 de Gouges ta tabbatar da dalilin da ya sa take wallafa tunaninta na siyasa, tana jayayya cewa "Wannan mafarki, baƙo ko da yake yana iya zama kamar, zai nuna wa al'ummar zuciyar jama'a ta gaske, ruhun da ke damuwa da amfanin jama'a".

Yayinda siyasar juyin juya halin Faransa ta canza kuma ta ci gaba de Gouges ya kasa zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a fagen siyasa, amma a cikin wasiƙunta ya ba da shawara ga tsarin siyasa. Shirin da ta bayar na tsarin siyasa bai canza ba. Ta bayyana bangaskiya ga Babban Gidajen da kuma ambaton dukiyar masarautar, cewa mutanen Faransa (Third Estate) za su iya tabbatar da jituwa tsakanin dukiyoyi uku, wato malamai, masu daraja da mutane. Duk da haka ta nuna aminci ga ministocin Jacques Necker da Charles Alexandre de Calonne . De Gouges ya yi adawa da mulkin mallaka, amma ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata Faransa ta riƙe mulkin mallaka na tsarin mulki.

A cikin wasikar da ta yi wa Marie-Antoinette, de Gouges ta bayyana cewa:

Ba zan iya shawo kan kaina ba cewa yarima, wacce ta girma a tsakiyar girman kai, tana da dukkan mugunta na lalata. Madame, bari wani aiki mafi kyau ya nuna maka, ya motsa burinka, kuma ya gyara hankalinka. Mutumin da ya sami damar zuwa matsayi mai daraja ne kawai zai iya ɗaukar aikin ba da nauyi ga ci gaban 'Yancin Mata da kuma hanzarta nasararsa. Idan ba ku da isasshen bayani, Madame, zan ji tsoron cewa abubuwan da ku ji za su fi na jima'i. Kuna son ɗaukaka; yi tunani, Madame, manyan laifuka suna lalata mutum kamar kyawawan halaye, amma wane suna ne daban a cikin tarihin tarihi! Ana ɗaukar ɗayan a matsayin misali, ɗayan kuma har abada shine ƙaddamar da ƙabilar ɗan adam.

Wasiƙun jama'a, ko litattafai, sune hanya ta farko ga ma'aikata da mata marubuta don shiga cikin muhawara ta jama'a ta juyin juya halin Faransa. Manufar ba ta neman tagomashin mai karɓa ba, sau da yawa mutum ne na jama'a. Sau da yawa ana nufin waɗannan litattafan don tayar da fushin jama'a. An rarraba su sosai a ciki da waje da Faransa. Madame Roland na zamani na De Gouges na jam'iyyar Gironde ya zama sananne saboda wasikar da ta yi wa Louis na XVI a shekara ta 1792. A cikin wannan shekarar de Gouges ya rubuta Wasika ga Citizen Robespierre, wanda Maximilien Robespierre ya ki amsawa. De Gouges ya tafi titi, kuma a madadin mutanen Faransa ya yi shelar "Bari mu nutse cikin Seine! Kuna buƙatar wanka ... mutuarka za ta ɗauki abubuwa, kuma kamar yadda yake ga kaina, sadaukar da rayuwa mai tsarki za ta rushe sammai"

Kyauta

  Kodayake ta kasance sananniya a rayuwarta kuma marubuciya ce mai yawa, an manta da de Gouges, amma sai aka sake gano ta hanyar tarihin siyasa na Olivier Blanc a tsakiyar shekarun 1980.

A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2004, mahadar Rues Béranger, Charlot, de Turenne, da de Franche-Comté a birnin Paris aka ayyana Place Olympe de Gouges. Magajin garin arrondissement na 3, Pierre Aidenbaum, tare da mataimakiyar magajin garin Paris na lokacin, Anne Hidalgo, ne suka kaddamar da dandalin. 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo Véronique Genest ta karanta wani yanki daga ayyana 'yancin mace. 2007 dan takarar shugaban kasar Faransa Ségolène Royal ya bayyana fatan cewa gawar De Gouges a koma Panthéon . Duk da haka, ragowarta-kamar na sauran waɗanda aka kashe a Mulkin Ta'addanci-an yi hasara ta hanyar binne a cikin kaburburan jama'a, don haka duk wani jana'izar (kamar na Marquis de Condorcet ) zai zama bikin ne kawai.

An karrama ta a cikin sunayen tituna da yawa a fadin Faransa, a cikin gidan nunin Salle Olympe de Gouges a rue Merlin, Paris, da kuma Parc Olympe de Gouges a Annemasse .

Wasan 2018 The Revolutionists na Lauren Gunderson ya shafi de Gouges da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwarta a matsayin marubuciya da mai fafutuka a lokacin mulkin ta'addanci .

Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

• Zamore da Mirza, ko kuma jirgin ruwa mai farin ciki (Zamore da Mirza) 1784
• Aure Ba zato ba tsammani na Kerubin (The Unexpected Marriage of Cherubin) 1786
• Mutumin Mai karimci (The Generous Man) 1786
• Molière a Ninon, ko ƙarni na manyan mutane (Molière a Ninón, ko ƙarnin manyan mutane) 1788
• Tunanin game da baƙar fata (1788) (Wikisource)
• Demokradiyya da aristocrats (The Democrats and the Aristocrats) 1790
• Bukatar kisan aure (The Necessity of Divorce) 1790
• Gidan Maigidana (The Convent) 1790
• Mirabeau aux Champs Élysées (Mirabeau a Champs É Elyées) 1791
• Faransa da aka ceto, ko kuma mai zalunci da aka kori (Faransa da aka ceton, ko kuma Dethroned Tyrant) 1792
• Shigar da Dumouriez a Brussels (The Entrance of Dumourez in Brussels) 1793

Hotuna

• The Revolutionists, wasan da Lauren Gunderson ya yi wanda aka fara a Cincinnati Playhouse a cikin Park a watan Fabrairun 2016 tare da Lise Bruneau a matsayin Olympe  ·
• Flashback, fim din Caroline Vigneaux da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba 2021 a kan Amazon Prime Video tare da Sylvie Testud a matsayin de Gouges .
• Olympe, wasan da Frank Salin ya yi inda Firmine Richard ya fassara ta a kan mataki a Festival d'Avignon ("Off" Festival) a watan Yulin 2024.
• Olympe, une femme dans la Révolution [Olympe, wata mace a cikin juyin juya halin] fim din talabijin na Matthieu Busson da Julie Gayet, inda Julie Gayet ta nuna ta (2024).

Dubi kuma

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