Reparations (transitional justice)
| Subclass of | compensation  |
|---|---|
| Facet give | Reparation of damage |
Reparations be broadly understood as compensation dem dey give for an abuse anaa injury.[1] Na de colloquial meaning of reparations change substantively over de last century. Insyd de early 1900s, na reparations be interstate exchanges (spy war reparations) wey na dem be punitive mechanisms determined by treaty wey dem bia by de surrendering side of a conflict, such as de World War I reparations dem bia by Germany den ein allies. Dem now understand Reparations as no be war damages per buh sanso be compensation den oda measures dem provide to victims of severe human rights violations by de parties responsible.[2] De right of de victim of an injury make dem receive reparations den de duty of the part responsible make dem provide dem be secured by de United Nations.
Insyd transitional justice, reparations be measures dem dey take by de state make e redress gross den systematic violations of human rights law anaa humanitarian law thru de administration of sam form of compensation anaa restitution to de victims. Of all de mechanisms of transitional justice, reparations be unique secof dem directly dey address de situation of de victims. Reparations, if e be well designed, acknowledge victims dema suffering, offer measures of redress, as well as sam form of compensation give de violations dem suffer.[3] Reparations fi be symbolic as well as material. Dem fi be insyd de form of public acknowledgement of anaa apology for past violations, wey dey indicate state den social commitment make dem respond to former abuses.
Proponents of reparations assert[4][5] say in order make e be effective, reparations for be employed alongside oda transitional justice measures such as prosecutions, truth-seeking, den institutional reform.[6] Such mechanisms dey ensure dat compensatory measures no be empty promises, temporary stopgap measures, anaa attempts make dem buy de silence of victims.[4]
Who dey provide reparation
[edit | edit source]De international legal underpinning for de right to effective remedy den duty make dem provide reparation fi be found insyd chaw human rights den humanitarian treaties den conventions, wey dey include:
- De Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Article 8[7]
- De International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – Article 2[8]
- De International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination – Article 6[9]
- De United Nations Convention Against Torture – Article 14[10]
- De Convention on the Rights of the Child – Article 39[11]
- De Hague Conventions wey dey respect de Laws and Customs of War on Land – Article 3[12]
- Protocol Additional to de Geneva Conventions wey dey relate to de Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts – Article 91[12]
- De Rome Statute of de International Criminal Court (ICC) – Articles 79 den 75[13]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ "reparation". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
- ↑ "Racism and Human Rights: An Approach to Reparations". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
- ↑ Spy de Greiff 2008
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Magarrell 2007.
- ↑ Coates, Ta-Nehisi. "The Case for Reparations". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
- ↑ Cf. United Nations General Assembly 2005
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly (10 December 1948), Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly (16 December 1966), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly (21 December 1965), International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial DiscriminationUnited Nations General Assembly (21 December 1965), International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (PDF version)
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly (4 February 1984), Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly (20 November 1989), Convention on the Rights of the Child
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Second International Peace Conference (18 October 1907), Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land
- ↑ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, A/CONF.183/9
Read further
[edit | edit source]- Rubio-Marín, R.; de Greiff, P. (December 2007). "Women and reparations". International Journal of Transitional Justice. 1 (3): 318–337. doi:10.1093/ijtj/ijm035.
External links
[edit | edit source]- The International Center for Transitional Justice's (ICTJ) Reparations Page
- Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts
- Assembly of First Nations: "AFN National Chief Says Private Audience with Pope Benedict XVI in Vatican City "Closes the Circle" and Enables Work Towards Reconciliation for Residential School Survivors"
- Introductory note by Theo van Boven, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Allen J. Davis. "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1866 through 2018 by the United States Government, States, Cities, and Universities". Retrieved September 18, 2018 – via University of Massachusetts Amherst.