ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ
| ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ | |
|---|---|
| ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ | |
| ⴰⵔⵉⵙ | ⴰⵡⵜⵎ  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | Second Syrian Republic, ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵙⵓⵔⵢⴰ |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | محمد شحرور |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ | ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 1938 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Damascus |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 21 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2019 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | Abu Dhabi |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | engineer, intellectual, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ |
| Employer | Damascus University |
| ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ | Moscow State University, University of Dublin |
| Religion or worldview | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| Is member of | Syrian Writers Association |
| ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴱ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ | http://www.shahrour.org |
ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ (1938 ⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ ⵖ 11 ⴳⵉⵙ ) ⴳ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉ . ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜ . ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ . ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ . ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ,ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ , ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ - ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ " ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ - ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ " ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ .[1]
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1938 ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ , ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵊⵢⵢⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉ . ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1958 , ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵖ 1964, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵕⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵚⵟⵕ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1969 ⴷ ⴹⴹⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972 ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ . ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ "ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵉⵥⵜ" ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵕⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ 1967 -1970 . ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ .ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ .
ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ . ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ . ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ , ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .
ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ - ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ (1990 )" : ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ , ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ " ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ " (1994) : ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .
• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⵙ "(1996).
• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ " (2000) : ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .
• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ - ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ .[2]
ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣⵉⵢⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]• ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ/ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ "ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵄⴷⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015 , ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ .
• ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ " ⴰⵡⵔⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵙⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉⵏ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017 , ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴼⴰⵊⴰ. ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ .[3] [4]
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019 ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 21 ⴳⵉⵙ , ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓ ⴹⴰⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵕⴰⵜ , ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 81 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ . ⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵉⵏⵓ. ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵔⵅⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ , ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵔⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ .[5]
ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⴷ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⵙ .ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ .
ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢ ,ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵍⴰⵥⵀⴰⵕ "ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ "ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ" ⴷ "ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ" . ⴷ ⵃⵚⵕⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵙⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ .ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⵍ. ⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ.
ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]• ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⴷ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵉⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ .
• ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ .
• ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ , ⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ .
• ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ . ⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵏⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ.
• ⵖⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⵚⵓⴹⵎ . ⴷ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴽⵚⵓⴹⵎ . ⴰⵜⵉ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵣⵍⵉⵡ .
• ⵉⵖ ⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⵃⴰⵏⴰⴼⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵔⵎⵙ . ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏⵏ , ⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ .
• ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵀⵔⵛ/ⵜⵎⵓⴳⵉ . ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ,ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ/ⵍⵊⵏⵜ .
• ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⴷ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ " ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ/ⵉⴹⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ .[6]
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ - ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ (ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ) ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ
- ^ (ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ) ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ
- ^ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
- ^ ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ
- ^
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ - ^ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵖⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ
[3] ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ
10. ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ