2025年9月俄罗斯无人机入侵波兰事件
| 俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭的外溢的一部分 | |
無人機入侵波蘭路徑(黃色) | |
| 日期 | 2025年9月9日—10日 |
|---|---|
| 时间 | 23:30–06:45(UTC+2;歐洲中部夏令時間) |
| 持续时间 | 7小時15分 |
| 地点 | 波蘭東部、中部和北部 |
| 类型 | 軍用無人機入侵別國領空 |
| 動機 | 未知 |
| 结果 | |
| 涉及國家 | |
欧洲中部夏令时间2025年9月9日晚11時30分[4],至少19架[5],多则23架[6]俄罗斯自杀式无人机飞入波兰领空,波蘭空軍及多支已作戰備的北約部隊隨即升空應對[7][4][8],约8架被波兰空军击落[9],北约快速反应警报飞机紧急起飞。华沙肖邦机场、华沙莫德林机场、热舒夫-贾西翁卡机场和盧布林機場在俄罗斯无人机入侵期间关闭[10][11]。
波蘭總理當勞·圖斯克表示,這些無人機「帶來直接威脅」,並已被成功擊落[5]。波兰政府随后援引《北大西洋公约》第4条要求与其他北约成员国就此事开展磋商[5]。波蘭副總理拉多斯瓦夫·西科爾斯基強調:「這是一宗前所未有的襲擊,不單針對波蘭領土,亦針對北約和歐盟的領土[12]。」法国总统马克龙决定向波兰派三架阵风战机[13]。
事件過後,俄羅斯與白俄羅斯宣佈籌備舉行自入侵烏克蘭以來規模最大的聯合軍演[14]。
入侵與防禦
[编辑]波蘭《共和報》報道,涉事俄羅斯無人機約有23架[1],經白俄羅斯進入波蘭領空[15]。白俄羅斯在事件前曾警告波蘭和立陶宛,指數架受烏克蘭電子戰干擾的無人機已穿越其領土[16][17]。
多個北約國家加入行動,協助波蘭F-16戰機攔截無人機。部署力量包括荷蘭的F-35「閃電II」戰機、意大利的空中預警與控制機,以及比利時的空中巴士A330 MRTT加油機[18]。駐波蘭的德國MIM-104「愛國者」防空系統亦被提升至高度戒備[19][20],並全程追蹤無人機的航道[21]。被擊落的無人機中,大部分由荷蘭F-35擊落[1][22];最後一次攔截發生在中歐夏令時間清晨6時45分。這是自俄羅斯全面入侵烏克蘭以來,首次有波蘭或任何北約國家在其領空擊落俄羅斯軍事資產[23][24]。
無人機及殘骸散落地點包括波蘭東部邊境一帶(比查夫卡特熱恰、切什尼基、喬斯努夫卡、克日沃維日巴-科洛尼亞村、維爾基萬、沃欣、維哈列夫、盧布林省的維雷基-沃拉、扎布沃切-科洛尼亞,以及拉比亞尼附近附近)、東南部(奇若夫、斯米庫夫、索布特卡),以及中部的姆尼斯庫夫附近一片農地和皮利察河畔新城[25],還有波蘭北部的奧萊斯諾[26][27][28]。其中波蘭当局最初声称是一架入侵的俄罗斯无人机袭击了盧布林省維雷基-沃拉一处民宅。但共和报引用消息人士称是F-16起飛試圖攔截無人機時擊中了盧布林省維雷基-沃拉的一棟民居,導致屋頂被毀[29][30][31]。与领导现任政府的总理图斯克政见不和的总统纳夫罗茨基要求澄清此次事件。图斯克则称是俄罗斯先发起的挑衅,对民宅的破坏责任全在俄罗斯[31]。
分析
[编辑]
在這次俄羅斯無人機入侵波蘭領空事件中,部分無人機屬於「非洲菊」型[32],另一些則以聚苯乙烯製成。盧布林地區檢察官辦公室表示,回收的無人機沒有攜帶武器或爆炸物,屬於「誘餌無人機」[33]。《BBC Verify》引述兩名分析人士——英國皇家聯合研究所的賈斯汀·布朗克及風險情報公司Sibylline的賈斯汀·克倫普——指這次入侵規模顯示,幾乎可以肯定是俄羅斯刻意為之[32]。
《共和報》在事件後報道,波蘭「SkyCTRL」反無人機系統的升級計劃因波蘭國防部資金不足而延誤達18個月,導致系統形同癱瘓。該報預料國防部終將籌得所需資金,但真正投入運作可能仍需數月時間[1]。
截至9月12日,當局已確認17架無人機殘骸,總統國際事務顧問馬爾欽·普日達奇亦證實,入侵波蘭領空的無人機總數達21架[34]。
反應
[编辑]
波蘭——總理當勞·圖斯克要求援引《北大西洋公約》第4條[35]。9月12日,波兰政府決定暫時关闭白俄罗斯–波兰边境,這導致中欧班列無法进入欧盟的马拉舍维奇口岸,大批来自中国的货物积压。9月25日,白俄罗斯–波兰边境重新開放。[36]
白俄羅斯——白俄羅斯聲稱攔截誤入無人機[38]。武裝部隊總參謀長帕維爾·穆拉韋伊科表示,事前已通知波蘭和立陶宛,部分無人機因電子干擾失控。他強調,白俄羅斯將繼續履行與波蘭及波羅的海國家交換空情資訊的義務[16]。
保加利亚——總統魯門·拉德夫夫在Twitter/X發文,指侵犯波蘭領空會令俄羅斯與北約的緊張局勢進一步升級[40]。總理羅森·熱利亞茲科夫則稱,保加利亞立場清晰,與盟友一致,並強調北約有決心根據條約採取必要行動[41]。
德国——國防部長鮑里斯·皮斯托里烏斯指出,無人機「顯然是刻意導向烏克蘭」,並支持波蘭要求的第4條協商[45]。
匈牙利——匈牙利總理奧班·維克多聲援波蘭,稱侵犯領土完整「不可接受」[46]。不過波蘭外交部長西科爾斯基要求匈牙利更進一步,譴責俄羅斯侵略、支持更嚴厲的制裁,並解除歐盟防務資金和烏克蘭入盟談判的阻礙。由於兩國當時正處外交僵局,奧班的表態被外界視為罕見[46]。
羅馬尼亞——總統尼庫紹爾·達恩與國防部長伊奧努茨·莫什泰亞努均表示支持波蘭。總統達恩更強調,必須阻止俄羅斯,並迫使其回到談判桌[49]。羅馬尼亞亦曾緊急出動戰機監視靠近邊境的俄羅斯無人機,但並未有無人機進入領空[50]。
乌克兰——總統弗拉基米爾·澤連斯基強調,這次入侵絕非「意外」[51]。
英国——首相施紀賢指事件「極為令人憂慮」,是俄羅斯「極度魯莽」的舉動。國防大臣賀理安則形容這是「對歐洲新層次敵意」,並表示已要求英軍研究加強波蘭上空的北約防空。他補充:「普京正在再一次試探我們,而我們將再次堅守[52][53]。」
美国——駐北約大使馬修·惠特克強調,美國會「與盟友站在一起,捍衛北約每一寸領土」[54]。總統當勞·特朗普則在真實社交上發文:「俄羅斯無人機侵犯波蘭領空是怎麼回事?事情來了[55]!」特朗普隨後又表示俄羅斯無人機入侵波蘭可能是个失误,但這一言論遭到波蘭方面的駁斥。[56]
各國對波蘭的軍事支援
[编辑]波蘭遭受俄羅斯無人機入侵後,多個盟國迅速宣佈將提供軍事支援:
荷蘭提供愛國者與NASAMS防空系統、反無人機裝備,並派遣300名士兵[60][61]。
參見
[编辑]- 2022年導彈擊中波蘭事件
- 2024年波羅的海海底電纜中斷事件
- 2024年歐洲縱火案
- 俄羅斯混合戰爭
- 俄羅斯在歐洲的破壞行動
- 俄羅斯影子艦隊
- 俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭期間入侵非交戰國領空事件列表
- 西方-2025軍事演習
註釋
[编辑]参考来源
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