已沉没战列舰列表

沉没战列舰指1880年代至20世纪中叶建造的大型主力舰残骸,这些舰只或因战斗损毁、触雷沉没、在测试中被故意击毁,或遭主动凿沉。作为国家海上实力的具象化象征,战列舰在20世纪各国的威望、外交与軍事戰略中扮演着关键角色。这种重要性直接引发了英国、德国、日本、美国、法国、意大利、俄罗斯及苏联等20世纪列强之间大规模的军备竞赛。
“战列舰”一词于1880年代首次成为通用术语,用以描述特定类型的铁甲舰,这类舰艇现今被称为前无畏舰[1]。受1905年5月对马海战结果的影响,英国皇家海军“无畏”号战列舰的服役与出海标志着海战新纪元的开启,并定义了一整代军舰——即现代战列舰[2]。这第一代被称为无畏舰的战列舰在欧洲、美洲和日本相继快速建造,主要海军强国间的紧张局势不断加剧。然而尽管各国投入巨额资金和资源建造和维护日益增多的战列舰,这些舰艇实际参战次数却很少。除日俄战争的海战和日德兰海战(这将成为主力舰之间最后的大规模海战之一)外,战列舰之间几乎没有发生过决定性海战[3]。1918年第一次世界大战结束时,德国公海舰队大部分舰艇被押送至斯卡帕湾,为避免舰队被战胜国瓜分,德军几乎将所有舰艇自沉。许多其他战列舰也因类似原因被自沉。
在两次世界大战之间,《华盛顿海军条约》及随后的《伦敦海军条约》限制了各国海军主力舰的吨位与火力。英美两国拆解了大量老旧无畏舰,而日本则在20世纪30年代开始将战列巡洋舰改装为高速战列舰。1936年,意大利与日本拒绝签署《第二次伦敦海军条约》并退出先前条约,促使美英两国启动条约中的“自动升级条款”,允许其增加计划建造舰艇的排水量与武装。二战期间的海战见证了各国众多战列舰的覆灭,随着制空权被逐步视作海战关键(而非巨型主力舰),战列舰逐渐失势。部分被缴获的战列舰被除籍、拆除武装后当作核武器试验靶舰被击沉。
损失
[编辑]与战列巡洋舰类似,战列舰在战斗中被击沉时往往伴随惨重的人员伤亡[4]。史上首艘纯粹因炮火击沉的战列舰是在对马海战中沉没,半数舰员阵亡的俄国“奥斯利亚比亚”号。该舰遭受日舰炮弹连绵不绝的轰击,多处炮位、司令塔及水线(或以下)部位被直接命中,最终导致沉没[5][6]。战列舰对水雷的脆弱性也在日俄战争及两次世界大战中得到印证。旅顺口战役后,多艘俄日舰艇触雷沉没或为避免被俘而自沉[7]。十年后,法国海军与英国皇家海军在地达达尼尔海峡水域接连损失“无敌”号、“海洋”号及“布韋”號三艘战列舰,均毁于土耳其水雷。鱼雷同样具备击沉战列舰的能力:1944年11月21日,美军“海狮”号潜艇击沉日本战列巡洋舰“金刚”号,造成逾1200人伤亡[8];英舰“巴勒姆”号遭德军潜艇“U-331”号以三枚鱼雷命中[a],最终在弹药库连环爆炸后沉没,862人丧生[11]。
尽管水雷和鱼雷不断威胁战列舰的霸主地位,但航空技术与战术的完善最终促使航空母舰取代战列舰成为最重要的海军舰艇。起初,大规模使用飞机进行海战的做法未被重视,人们认为飞机不可能击沉战列舰。尽管如此,美国和日本帝国仍尝试在舰队中为航空母舰赋予进攻性角色[12]。海军航空领域的先驱之一是美国陆军将军比利·米切尔,他于1921年7月征用德国战列舰“东弗里斯兰”号来验证自己的理论。尽管这些测试并未打动当时的同行,但它们迫使美国海军开始拨出部分预算用于进一步研究[13]。1941年12月7日,日本海军偷袭珍珠港,几乎摧毁了停泊在那里的美国太平洋舰队,这使得“航空母舰次于战列舰”的观念开始瓦解[14]。“俾斯麦”号舰长恩斯特·林德曼曾几乎甩掉英国皇家海军的追击,但最终因英军侦察机的发现而功亏一篑。尽管二战中几乎每场海战都或多或少涉及水面舰艇的炮战,但战列舰作为一国舰队核心的时代已然终结[15]。
那些在一战中幸存下来的同盟国战列舰,往往未能熬过战后的动荡。德国公海舰队于1918年11月投降并被扣押后,其水兵于1919年6月在斯卡帕湾将其自沉[16]。1918年11月1日,奥匈帝国战列舰“联合之力”号在移交斯洛文尼亚人、克罗地亚人和塞尔维亚人国家时,被两名不知情的意大利蛙人和在普拉港布设的水雷炸沉[17]。1942年11月27日,维希法国政府在土伦港自沉了法国舰队的大部分舰艇[18]。
战沉
[编辑]改装后沉没
[编辑]| 舰名 | 图片 | 所属海军 | 伤亡情况 | 沉没日期 | 位置 | 现状 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| “加贺”号 | 811人阵亡[149] | 1942年6月4日[150] | 30°23′N 179°17′W / 30.383°N 179.283°W | 未知 | ||
| “鹰”号 | 131人阵亡[151] | 1942年8月11日[151] | 38°3′0″N 3°1′12″E / 38.05000°N 3.02000°E 馬略卡島附近[151] |
未知 | ||
| “信濃”號 | 1435人阵亡[152] | 1944年11月29日[152] | 32°7′N 137°4′E / 32.117°N 137.067°E 日本本土以南105公里(65英里)[152] |
未知 |
意外沉没
[编辑]自沉
[编辑]作为靶舰击沉
[编辑]脚注
[编辑]注释
[编辑]- ^ “U-331”号潜艇艇长、海军上尉汉斯-迪特里希·冯·蒂森豪森认为仅有一枚鱼雷击中了“巴勒姆”号[9]。冯·蒂森豪森因此战获颁骑士铁十字勋章[10]。
- ^ “波尔塔瓦”号于1904年12月5日在旅顺会战期间被大日本帝国炮兵击沉[19],后被日军俘获、打捞,更名为“丹后”号并进行改装[20][21][22]。第一次世界大战期间该舰被卖回俄罗斯帝国,并更名为“切斯马”号[21][23]。
- ^ “胜利”号与“波尔塔瓦”号一样,于1904年12月7日在旅顺会战中被日军炮火击沉[24],但后被日军打捞并更名为“周防”号,同样进行了改装[25]。
- ^ 麦克劳克林记载死亡人数为470人[27],而坎贝尔记载为514人[28]。福尔奇克和麦克劳克林均未提及获救水兵数量[4],但坎贝尔记录俄军驱逐舰救起385人[28]。
- ^ 译名参考自《第二次世界大战战史》[41]。
- ^ “凯旋”号最初由智利海军订购,名为“自由”号(Libertad)[45]。
- ^ R·A·伯特所著《英国战列舰1889-1904》(British Battleships 1889–1904)记载“威严”号沉没致49人丧生[47],而《康威世界战舰全集1906-1921》(Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921)仅记录40人遇难[48]。
- ^ 译名参考自《战役图文史 改变世界历史的50场战役》[49]。
- ^ “腓特烈·威廉选帝侯”号于1910年被售予奥斯曼帝国,并更名为“巴巴罗萨·海雷丁”号战列舰[50]。
- ^ 在服役于希腊海军前,“基尔基斯”号为美国战列舰“密西西比”号[76]。
- ^ 在被希腊政府购入并更名前,“利姆诺斯”号为美国战列舰“爱达荷”号[79]。
- ^ 该舰原名"彼得罗巴甫洛夫斯克"号,后以法国革命家让-保尔·马拉之名更名为“马拉”号(Marat)[84],最终改名“沃尔霍夫”号(Volkhov)[85]。
- ^ 1936年,“让·巴尔”号更名为“海洋”号(Océan),以便为当时在建的新造舰腾出舰名[120]。
- ^ "提尔皮茨"号伤亡数据存在较大差异:威廉·加兹克(William Garzke)与罗伯特·杜林(Robert Dulin)统计约950人阵亡[133];西格弗里德·布雷尔(Siegfried Breyer)与埃里希·格勒纳(Erich Gröner)记录1204人死亡[134][135];尼克拉斯·泽特林(Niklas Zetterling)与迈克尔·塔梅兰德(Michael Tamelander)估算近1000人丧生[136];而约翰·斯威特曼(John Sweetman)记载该舰1900名船员中损失1000人[137]。
- ^ 该舰以“佩列斯韦特”号之名下水,1904年12月7日在旅顺会战中被俄军自沉,后经日军打捞修复并更名为“相模”号[189]。日本将其转售俄国后,该舰被命名为“切斯马”号[190]。
- ^ 安东尼·普雷斯顿记录该舰第二次(最终)沉没时167人遇难[191],而麦克劳克林(McLaughlin)在《俄罗斯与苏联战列舰》(Russian & Soviet Battleships)中给出更保守的116人死亡数据[192]。
- ^ “河内”号爆炸导致的伤亡人数存在争议:汉斯·伦格尔(Hans Lengerer)的期刊《战列舰“河内”与“摄津”》(Battleships Kawachi and Settsu)记载600人死亡[195],桑德尔·金塞普(Sander Kingsepp)的记载则更追加18人[196];而加德纳(Gardiner)与格雷(Gray)及延楚拉(Jentschura)、荣格(Jung)与米克尔(Mickel)均记录700人遇难[197][198]。
- ^ 1918年年中某时,“乔治王子”号更名为“维多利亚二世”号[200](名称源自其姊妹舰HMS Victorious (1895))[48],但于1919年2月恢复原名[48]。
- ^ “阿方索十三世”号在其同名西班牙国王遭流放后,更名为已于1923年沉没的同级舰名“西班牙”号[203][202][203]。
- ^ 前意大利战列舰“朱利奥·凯撒”号于第二次世界大战后移交给苏联并更名为“新羅西斯克”號。[216][217]
- ^ “叶卡捷琳娜大帝”号虽以“叶卡捷琳娜二世”号之名铺设龙骨,但仅为形式命名[226]。后于二月革命期间被更名为“自由俄罗斯”号(俄语:Свободная Россия)。[227]
- ^ 1911年2月15日,“德克萨斯”号更名为“圣马科斯”号,以便为新造舰腾出舰名。[251]
- ^ 译名参考自《第二次世界大战战史》[41]。
- ^ “尼古拉一世”号于1905年6月6日被更名为“壹岐”号[256]。
- ^ 1919年4月30日,“艾奥瓦”号更名为海防舰4号(Coast Battleship No. 4),以便将其舰名让渡给一艘新建的南达科他级战列舰[265]。
- ^ “列特维赞”号被打捞后编入日本海军,更名为“肥前”号[271]
- ^ 被日军俘获后,“鹰”号被更名为“石见”号。[273]
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- ^ Caresse (2007),第137–38頁.
- ^ 166.0 166.1 Windsor (1911),第651頁.
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- ^ Brown (2003),第161頁.
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- ^ 174.0 174.1 174.2 Hocking (1990),第79頁.
- ^ 175.0 175.1 Burt (1988),第247–48頁.
- ^ Burt (1988),第249, 251頁.
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- ^ 178.0 178.1 178.2 Chesneau (1979),第9頁.
- ^ Whitley (1998),第157–58頁.
- ^ 180.0 180.1 Preston (1972),第176頁.
- ^ Giorgerini (1980),第272, 277頁.
- ^ Allen (1964),第23–26頁.
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- ^ 203.0 203.1 Gardiner & Gray (1985),第378頁.
- ^ 204.0 204.1 204.2 Proceedings (1940),第813頁.
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- ^ Fabian (2015).
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- ^ 264.0 264.1 Gardiner & Gray (1985),第334頁.
- ^ 265.0 265.1 265.2 DANFS Iowa.
- ^ USS Iowa (Battleship # 4), 1897–1923. Later renamed Coast Battleship # 4.. Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center. 2003-04-13 [2011-09-29].
- ^ 267.0 267.1 Wildenberg (2014),第114頁.
- ^ Ex-USS New Jersey | Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. [2025-07-23]. (原始内容存档于2025-06-03).
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- ^ 271.0 271.1 Lengerer (September 2008), Hizen,第59頁.
- ^ McLaughlin (2000),第64頁.
- ^ 273.0 273.1 273.2 Lengerer (September 2008), Iwami,第66頁.
- ^ 274.0 274.1 Jentschura, Jung & Mickel (1977),第23頁.
- ^ 275.0 275.1 London Times, 22 January 1925.
- ^ 276.0 276.1 Brown (2006),第22頁.
- ^ Gardiner & Gray (1985),第32頁.
- ^ Ireland (1996),第186–87頁.
- ^ 279.0 279.1 Delgado & Murphy (1991).
- ^ Ireland (1996),第186-87頁.
- ^ 281.0 281.1 Tully (2003).
- ^ London Times, 3 March 2007.
- ^ Bikini Atoll Dive Tourism Information. Bikini Atoll Divers. [2014-01-08]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-16).
- ^ 284.0 284.1 284.2 DANFS Pennsylvania.
- ^ 285.0 285.1 285.2 Banks (2002),第38頁.
- ^ 286.0 286.1 Friedman (1985),第420頁.
- ^ Bonner (1996),第108頁.
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期刊
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新闻
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