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拉法葉侯爵訪問美國

维基百科,自由的百科全书
山繆·摩斯繪於1826年的拉法葉將軍肖像

1824年7月至1825年9月,美國獨立戰爭中僅存的少將—法國拉法葉侯爵,往訪美國24個州,廣受各地民眾英雄式的歡迎,獲得多項榮譽和紀念碑來致敬與致意這次的訪問。

背景

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外部视频链接
Matthew Harris Jouett 1825年所繪肖像
影片 拉法葉在美國, 1824–1825, Alan R. Hoffman lectures on the Grand Tour, 1:03:14[1]

在近50年前的美國獨立戰爭中,拉法葉侯爵喬治·華盛頓麾下率部衝殺於好幾場關鍵戰役中,包括賓州白蘭地河戰役維吉尼亞州約克鎮圍城戰役。後來他回到法國投身政治,捍衛美式共和所揭櫫的自由理想。

他得湯瑪斯·傑佛遜所助幫著起草了受《美國獨立宣言》所啟發的《人權和公民權宣言》。他也呼籲廢除奴隸制,以符合自然律之學。1789年7月攻佔巴士底獄後,被任命為法國國民自衛隊(法語:Garde Nationale)總司令的他試圖在法國大革命期間走中間路線。1792年8月,控制了政府的革命激進派系下令逮捕拉法葉侯爵,他因而逃往奧屬尼德蘭,被奧地利軍隊俘虜下獄五年多。1797年拿破崙一世開釋他返法,儘管他還是拒絕參與拿破崙的政府,或其遠征。1814年法國波旁復辟後,他成為眾議院的自由派議員,在此職位度過其大部分餘生。

波旁王朝復辟了至少十年,但法王路易十八在1824年春天不得不靠輪椅行動,健康狀況江河日下,終於夏末不治。[2]但拉法葉還是被垂死的國王派人看著。[3]1824年,拉法葉離開了法國立法機構。詹姆斯·門羅總統即邀請他訪問美國,既向次世代美國人灌輸“1776年精神”,[4]同時也慶祝開國50週年。[5]

拉法葉行跡遍及美國各州,行程逾6,000英里(9,656公里),[6][7]其子Georges Washington de La Fayette(以喬治·華盛頓之名命名)及其他人伴遊。[4]部分隨行的還有社會改革運動家法蘭西絲·萊特[8]主行交通工具為驛馬車、策騎、運河駁船、和汽船。[9]

拉法葉將軍1824年八月十六日於紐約城堡園離船上陸

不同的城市各以不同的方式慶祝貴賓大駕光臨。有的遊行,有的放禮炮致敬。有些地方甚至邀請學童來歡迎侯爵。若干參戰過的老兵,有些都六、七十歲了,也熱情歡迎侯爵到來,並與他共進晚餐。侯爵在約克鎮認出了James Armistead Lafayette,兩人相擁。這位自由的有色人種自選拉法葉為姓以紀念侯爵(他其實是美國第一位雙重間諜)。《李奇蒙詢問》報(Richmond Enquirer)就此作出報導。[10]一個世紀過後,各城鎮還在慶祝各自的「拉法葉日」。

時間軸

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1824年7月13日,拉法葉乘坐美國商船Cadmus離法,於1824年8月15日抵達紐約州史泰登島,自此開始其美國之行。1824年秋天,他造訪美北和美東,並在蒙蒂塞洛拜訪了湯瑪斯·傑佛遜,還入華盛頓特區晉見詹姆斯·門羅總統。1825年3月,他開始了美南之旅,於3月31日抵達阿拉巴馬州查特胡奇河上的米切爾堡渡口。[4]

一座為紀念拉法葉候爵造訪白宮的燈塔鐘英语lighthouse clock,Simon Willard製

1824年

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繪有拉法葉的手套,可能就是為了紀念他的1824年美國之行
費城的拉法葉歡迎遊行

1825年

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強生廣場英语Johnson Square (Savannah, Georgia)上的納撒尼爾·格林紀念碑英语Nathanael Greene Monument
一張慶祝1825年拉法葉來訪的明信片,上面的畫作出自馬爾坎·帕塞爾英语Malcolm Parcell
1825年6月17日,拉法葉為邦克山紀念碑奠基
Burlington「南學院英语Old Mill (University of Vermont)」的原始基石。

旅途中獲得的榮譽

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費耶特維爾 (北卡羅來納州)於1783年,在這次旅行之前,以拉法葉的名字命名。[92]1824年10月20日,威廉與瑪麗學院授他榮譽法學博士。旅行後期,又再獲得馬里蘭州的榮譽市民稱號。[a]國會投票授予他20萬美元,和佛羅裡達塔拉赫西一個小鎮裡的土地,即授地拉法葉英语Lafayette Land Grant[94][95]1824年10月9日,拉法葉獲馬里蘭大學醫學院授予榮譽法學博士。馬里蘭州巴爾的摩的Davidge Hall懸掛著一塊圓形牌匾以誌授予拉法葉這項榮譽之處。

1824年:參觀蒙蒂塞洛

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11月4日,拉法耶特乘坐傑佛遜所提供的馬車抵達蒙蒂塞洛,120人軍儀護送。傑佛遜迎候於門廊外。彼時有約200名親朋好友也為此事來到。拉法葉的馬車停在前草坪上,號角誌其到來,革命旗幟飄揚。年事已高的拉法耶特緩緩下車。81歲身體欠佳的傑佛遜緩緩走下前台階,開始向老朋友走去。在場的傑佛遜之孫Randolph見證了這場歷史性重逢:「當他們走近彼此時,踉蹌的步伐加快成碎步前奔,互相驚呼:‘哦,傑佛遜!’‘哦,拉法葉!’,然後淚流滿面地擁抱在一起。」在場所有人全體肅靜以示敬重,其中有些人是在強忍熱淚。隨後,傑佛遜和拉法葉回屋內密談,緬懷多年前共歷的大小事件和遇合。[96]

第二天早上,傑佛遜、拉法葉和詹姆斯·麥迪遜共乘傑佛遜的蘭道車前往Charlottesville的中央酒店,騎兵護送,當地市民和其他朋友緊隨其後。他們受到熱烈歡迎並受邀致詞。中午離開飯店前往傑佛遜迫不及待要拉法葉一見的維吉尼亞大學,參加宴會。傑佛遜為此特別延後開學時間。三個小時的晚餐後,傑佛遜著人宣讀他為拉法葉準備的講稿。因他本人聲音微弱,傳不遠。這是傑佛遜最後一次的公開演講。拉法葉其後接受傑佛遜的邀請,成為該大學傑佛遜文學與辯論社英语Jefferson Literary and Debating Society的榮譽會員。拉法葉在為期11天的訪問後與傑佛遜作別。[97][98][99]

1825年:返法

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拉法葉搭乘美國海軍白蘭地號英语USS Brandywine返法

拉法葉曾表示計劃在1825年夏末秋初啟程回國。約翰·昆西·亞當斯總統決定安排美國軍艦送他回歐,為此並選用了一艘新成軍的44門火砲護衛艦Susquehanna號。但為紀念這名法國人為美國之自由而浴血奮戰的該場戰役,也為表達美國人民對拉法葉的敬意,這艘護衛艦又被重新命名為「白蘭地號」。「白蘭地號」於1825年6月16日下水,由航海大師Marmaduke Dove命名。1825年8月25日正式服役,由艦長查爾斯·莫里斯指揮。

9月6日晚,拉法葉享用了最後一次國宴以慶祝68歲生日。7日登上「維農山號」汽船,順流而下會合白蘭地號。8日,白蘭地號護衛艦駛離波多馬克河,沿乞沙比克灣入海。當拉法葉在白蘭地號上準備起航時,艾薩克·弗萊徹英语Isaac Fletcher (American politician)將軍轉達了來自獨立戰爭戰友威廉·巴頓將軍的問候,並解釋說巴頓正於佛蒙特丹維爾的債務監獄中服刑,刑期14年。拉法葉當下立即付清巴頓的罰款,讓他能回到羅德島的家人身邊。[100]

歷經三個星期的海上風雨之後,軍艦於10月初抵達法國利阿佛附近。一開始還擔憂著拉法葉回到時在查理十世 (法蘭西)治下的法蘭西時,政府的態度;白蘭地號的貴客安返家中。

1829年,拉法葉的私人秘書Auguste Levasseur出版了兩卷拉法葉的遊記和回憶錄,書名為《拉法葉在美國,1824和1825》(Lafayette en Amérique, en 1824 et 1825)。同年,又在德國出版了譯本,而英譯甚至有兩個版本(紐約版和費城版),名為《拉法葉在美國,1824和1825:合眾國巡遊》Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825: Journal of a Voyage to the United States。第四種文字譯本,荷蘭文版,於1831年出版。Levasseur的出版品此後一直是歷史學家的重要資料來源。

備註

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  1. ^ 拉法葉已自然而然的成為美國公民。他在行憲前即已是馬里蘭的公民。[93]

参考资料

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  73. ^ Lavasseur Chapter XII published 1829
  74. ^ FOLLOW THE FRENCHMEN | EPISODE 11 – SYRACUSE, NY, 2021-10-26 [2023-04-17], (原始内容存档于2025-04-29) (英语) 
  75. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). LaFayette, on his way to Maine, passed the night of June 23, 1825, in Dover, N.H. On the evening of that day, a committee of citizens of South Berwick waited on 'him and invited him to breakfast with them the next morning, which invitation he accepted. 
  76. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206. 
  77. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). He, was then escorted to Cleaves' H ot-el in Saco 
  78. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). From Cleaves' Hotel, he was escorted to the house of Captain Seth Spring in Biddeford, who was a soldier of the revolution, and in the battle of Bunker Hill 
  79. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). On Saturday morning, at 7 o'clock, he was escorted by a numerous cavalcade as far as the village of Scarborough, where he was received with the same feeling of gratitude by the people, that had cheered him on all his journey through the States 
  80. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). and about 9 o'clock a.m. (June 24, 1825), General LaFayette entered the town of Portland. 
  81. ^ General Lafayette in Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History 2. : 206 [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-30). LaFayette left town Sunday morning about 7 o'clock without any parade and returned to Saco on his way to Vermont. He took breakfast at Captain Spring's in Biddeford, ... he set out for Concord, where he arrived the same night. 
  82. ^ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Pember, Jay Read. A day with Lafayette in Vermont. Woodstock, VT : Elm Tree Press. 1912-08-20 –通过Internet Archive. 
  83. ^ The History of University of Vermont Buildings: 1800–1947 The J.L. Hills papers. Burlington, Vermont: Special Collections Department, University of Vermont Libraries. 1949: 6, 68. 
  84. ^ Morris County NJ, Sansay House. [July 14, 2013]. (原始内容存档于August 26, 2014). 
  85. ^ William P. Tuttle, Bottle Hill and Madison (1916)
  86. ^ Frank Esposito, The Madison Heritage Trail (1985)
  87. ^ Tuttle, Samuel B. A History of the Presbyterian Church, Madison, N.J. A Discourse Delivered on Thanksgiving Day, November 23, 1854. M. W. Dodd. 1855: 116. madison nj waverly house tuttle.  p. 117
  88. ^ Jenkins, Charles Francis. Lafayette's Visit to Germantown, July 20, 1825: An Address Delivered Before the Pennsylvania Genealogical Society, March 1, 1909, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, May 10, 1909, the Site and Relic Society of Germantown, May 20, 1910, the City History Society of Philadelphia, Jan. 11, 1911. W. J. Campbell. 1911 (英语). 
  89. ^ Home – Wyck. Wyck. [July 14, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2025-07-16) (美国英语). 
  90. ^ Family history written record
  91. ^ Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens. Washington & Lafayette. [August 12, 2008]. (原始内容存档于June 17, 2008). 
  92. ^ About Fayetteville. www.fayettevillenc.gov. [2025-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2025-01-19). 
  93. ^ Speare, Morris Edmund. Lafayette, Citizen of America (PDF). New York Times. September 7, 1919 [December 12, 2012]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-17). 
  94. ^ Historic Markers Program of America. Historicmarkers.com. [August 9, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2009-08-31). 
  95. ^ Holbrook, Sabra. Lafayette, Man in the Middle需要免费注册. Atheneum. 1977. ISBN 0-689-30585-0. lafayette man in the middle. , p. 177
  96. ^ Mapp, Alf J. Jefferson: Passionate Pilgrim. Rowman & Littlefield. 1991: 328. ISBN 9780517098882. 
  97. ^ Malone, Dumas. The Sage of Monticello. Jefferson and His Time 6. Little Brown. 1981: 403–04. ISBN 978-0-316-54478-8. 
  98. ^ Brodie, Fawn. Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History需要免费注册. W. W. Norton & Company. 1974: 360. ISBN 9780393317527. 
  99. ^ Crawford, Alan Pell. Twilight at Monticello: The Final Years of Thomas Jefferson需要免费注册. Random House Digital. 2008: 202–03. ISBN 9781400060795. 
  100. ^ Pember, Jay Read. A Day with Lafayette in Vermont. Elm tree Press. 1912 (英语). 

参考書目

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外部連結

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