各国核能利用情况

截至2025年,全球共有31個國家和地區運營商業核電站,主要分佈於歐洲、北美和東亞地區。根據國際原子能機構數據,核能發電量約佔全球總發電量的10%。美國是目前全球最大的核能生產國,而法國則以核電佔全國總發電量約65%的比例,成為核能依存度最高的國家。
在現有核能國家中,26個國家正積極推進新核電機組建設。中國作為當前核電發展最迅速的國家,2025年新核准10台機組,在建規模位居世界首位。與此同時,德國已於2023年完成全面廢核政策,成為少數完全退出核能的工業大國。值得注意的是,部分曾放棄核能的國家正重新評估政策,例如瑞士於2024年解除新建核電廠禁令,瑞典和比利時亦已放棄原先的廢核計劃。
全球尚有159個國家正籌備或評估核能計劃,其中埃及、土耳其等國的首座核電廠已進入建設階段。特別值得關注的是,哈薩克斯坦雖於1999年關閉所有核電廠,但已通過2024年公決準備在2035年前重啟核能;菲律賓則重啟1984年完工但從未運行的巴丹核電廠評估工作。波蘭計劃於2026年開工建設首座核電廠,目標在2040年前實現9吉瓦核電裝機容量。
部分地區雖未境內設有核電廠,但依賴跨境供電,例如深圳大亞灣核電站80%電力輸送到香港。伊拉克則於2021年宣布,計劃在2030年前建造8座核反應爐以解決電力短缺問題。國際能源署(IEA)預測,隨着亞洲新機組投產及歐洲部分國家政策轉向,2026年全球核能發電量將持續增長[2]。
概述
[编辑]全世界已有30个国家/地区拥有核电站。法国已将核能作为该国主要能源。一些在利用核能方面发展较晚的国家/地区也陆续准备展开各自建造核电站的计划。这些国家包括OECD的成员,其中发达国家成员有波兰等,而发展中国家则有孟加拉国及越南。中国与印度都已开始了各自大规模的建设核电站的计划[3]。下表展示的是2022年世界各国家或地区核能利用情况。[4]
国家/地区 | 总装机容量(MW) | 运行中核反应堆数量 | 总发电量(GW·h) | 核电占该国/地区总发电量(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
1641 | 3 | 7469.52 | 5.4% |
![]() |
416 | 1 | 2630.85 | 31.0% |
![]() |
1110 | 1 | 4411.35 | 11.9% |
![]() |
5942 | 7 | 41744.41 | 46.4% |
![]() |
1884 | 2 | 13744.82 | 2.5% |
![]() |
2006 | 2 | 15784.09 | 32.6% |
![]() |
13624 | 19 | 81717.65 | 12.9% |
![]() |
52131 | 54 | 395353.82 | 5.0% |
![]() |
3934 | 6 | 29310.30 | 36.7% |
![]() |
4394 | 5 | 24241.97 | 35.0% |
![]() |
61370 | 56 | 282093.23 | 62.6% |
![]() |
4055 | 3 | 31892.24 | 5.8% |
![]() |
1916 | 4 | 14954.25 | 47.0% |
![]() |
6290 | 19 | 41973.14 | 3.1% |
![]() |
915 | 1 | 6008.02 | 1.7% |
![]() |
9486 | 10 | 51907.51 | 6.1% |
![]() |
1552 | 2 | 10539.46 | 4.5% |
![]() |
482 | 1 | 3930.56 | 3.3% |
![]() |
3262 | 6 | 22219.28 | 16.2% |
![]() |
1300 | 2 | 10222.04 | 19.4% |
![]() |
27727 | 37 | 209516.56 | 19.6% |
![]() |
1868 | 4 | 14830.26 | 59.2% |
![]() |
688 | 1 | 5310.70 | 42.8% |
![]() |
1854 | 2 | 10123.69 | 4.9% |
![]() |
24489 | 25 | 167513.86 | 30.4% |
![]() |
7123 | 7 | 56150.36 | 20.3% |
![]() |
6937 | 6 | 50018.23 | 29.4% |
![]() |
2973 | 4 | 23179.56 | 36.4% |
![]() |
2859 | 1 | 900 | 3% |
![]() |
4011 | 3 | 19300.45 | 12.4% |
![]() |
7343 | 12 | 43604.79 | 14.2% |
![]() |
95523 | 93 | 772220.52 | 18.2% |
全球 | 361105 MWe | 401 | 2,487 TWh |
![]() 正在使用核反应堆,并在建造新的核反应堆。 正在使用核反应堆,计划建造新的核反应堆。 没有核反应堆,正在建造核反应堆。 没有核反应堆,计划建造核反应堆。 正在使用核反应堆,且维持不变。 正在使用核反应堆,考虑减少核反应堆。 民用核能違反法規。 没有核反应堆。 ![]() |
各国核反应堆一览
[编辑]下表录入了各个国家及地区所拥有的核反应堆(仅包括已在国际原子能机构注册过的)。未被本表录入的国家皆为暂未拥有核反应堆且没有建造反应堆的计划的国家。研究用核反应堆也未在本表中列出。[1]
国家或地区 | 运营中 | 在建 | 筹建 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1~ | 阿尔及利亚计划于2020年将其首座核电站投入运营,并计划在2020年后每五年新建一座核电站。[5] |
![]() |
2 | 1 | 1 | |
![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | [6] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 2 | [7] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 2 | |
![]() |
7 | 0 | 0 | |
![]() |
2 | 1 | 0 | [8] |
![]() |
2 | 0 | 1[9] | 在2004至2007年间关停了4个反应堆。2012年3月,保加利亚官方终止了贝乐那核电站(Belene Nuclear Power Plant)的建设。[9] |
![]() |
17 | 3 | 2 | |
![]() |
15 | 25 | 51 | 于2020核电装机总量达到6000-7000万千瓦(占国内发电总量约5%)[10] |
![]() |
1 | 0 | 0 | 此反应堆位于斯洛文尼亚,但有50%由克罗地亚拥有 |
![]() |
6 | 0 | 2 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | As of 2012, after years of stop-start efforts, Egypt’s nuclear-energy ambitions are once again in flux. The El Dabaa plant has been targeted by protesters and as a result the site has been shut down.[11] |
![]() |
4 | 1 | 0 | As of 2012, TVO is planning new reactor to be build and operational by 2020.[12] |
![]() |
58 | 1 | 1 | |
![]() |
9 | 0 | 0 | Phase-out in place. |
![]() |
4 | 0 | 0 | |
![]() |
20 | 7 | 18 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 2 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | |
![]() |
1 | 0 | 2 | The first reactor of Bushehr Plant has power generation capacity of 915 MW[13] |
![]() |
0 (55)* | 0 (3)* | 0 (10)* | As of 2012 Japan turned off all of the nuclear reactors(no electric produced, reactors slowly going to no work mode). Remaining reactors probably won't be turned on, because of the revisions after Fukushima fault. Japan is also planning to phase-out nuclear power by 2030's.[14][15] However Japan announced that the construction of seven new reactors would not be halted, giving doubts if Japan's plan will push through although exemptions may allow these reactors to operate beyond 2040.[16] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | [17] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 2 | [18][19][20] |
![]() |
23 | 4 | 5 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant Project[21] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 2 | [22] |
![]() |
2 | 0 | 0 | |
![]() |
1 | 0 | 0 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | [23][24] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | [25] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 0 | Qatar is planning its nuclear power program which was so far deemed economically viable by a feasibility study.[26] |
![]() |
3 | 2 | 0 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 6 | |
![]() |
2 | 0 | 2 | |
![]() |
33 | 10 | 17 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 16 | Saudi plans to build up to 16 reactors by 2030.[27] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 1 | |
![]() |
4 | 2 | 0 | |
![]() |
1 | 0 | 0 | |
![]() |
2 | 0 | 6 | [28][29] |
![]() |
8 | 0 | 0 | Stable[30] |
![]() |
10 | 0 | 0 | |
![]() |
5 | 0 | 0 | Phase-out in place.[31] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 4 | [32] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 0 | As of 2012, the Thai Energy Ministry was drafting a plan that could see a nuclear facility go into operation in 2026.[33] |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 4 | To be built by Japan, Russia and South-Korea[34][35][36] |
![]() |
15 | 0 | 2 | 2 new reactors by 2030[37][38] |
![]() |
0 | 1 | 3 | To be built by 2017 by S. Korean consortium?[39] |
![]() |
16 | 0 | 4 | |
![]() |
104 | 1 | 11 | |
![]() |
0 | 0 | 4 | |
全球总计 | 433 | 65 | 158 |
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 World Nuclear Power Reactors & Uranium Requirements. World Nuclear Association. 2010-10-01 [2010-10-23]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-28).
- ^ James Kanter. Switzerland Decides on Nuclear Phase-Out. New York Times. May 25, 2011 [2011-08-01]. (原始内容存档于使用
|archiveurl=
需要含有|archivedate=
(帮助)). - ^ Michael Dittmar. Taking stock of nuclear renaissance that never was (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Sydney Morning Herald, August 18, 2010.
- ^ Nuclear Share of Electricity Generation in 2022. PRIS. 2013-05-01 [2024-05-02]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-02).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-20).
- ^ USA supports new nuclear build in Armenia. World Nuclear News. 2007-11-23 [2007-11-25]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-11).
- ^ Bangladesh signs up for nuclear power. 2011-05-16 [2011-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-11).
- ^ Agência Estado. Lobão diz que país fará uma usina nuclear por ano em 50 anos. G1.globo.com. 12-09-2008 [2008-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-01) (葡萄牙语).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Bulgaria quits Belene Nuclear Power Plant project (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Novinite, 28 March 2012
- ^ Nuclear Power in China. World Nuclear Association. September 2008 [2008-09-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-12).
- ^ Sharon Weinberger. Radioactive material stolen in Egypt. Nature. 20 January 2012 [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-02).
- ^ Kolme uutta reaktoria, Jees!. Tekniikka ja talous. 2009-10-15 [2009-12-03]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-23).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-29).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-16).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-25).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-05).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2013-08-14).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-20).
- ^ Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant Project. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-27).
- ^ http://www.asehtours.com/Borneo-Malaysia-Sabah-Sarawak-Brunei-Kalimantan-News/Blog/Entries/2011/3/18_Malaysia_To_Proceed_With_Nuclear_Power_Plants.html[永久失效連結]
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-22).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-29).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-12-09).
- ^ http://nucpros.com/content/qatar%E2%80%99s-n-power-plan-%E2%80%98economically-feasible%E2%80%99[永久失效連結]
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-11-25]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-22).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-02).
- ^ 核能利用情况 Spain (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), World Nuclear Association, URL accessed 13 June 2006
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-07).
- ^ John Ruwitch. Analysis: Southeast Asia goes slow on nuclear. Reuters. Feb 2, 2012 [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-22).
- ^ Turkey, South Korea eye more business. Hürriyet Daily News. 2010-04-12 [2010-04-16]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-28).
- ^ Turkey, Japan could reach deal on nuclear plant, minister says. Hürriyet Daily News. 2011-02-09 [2011-03-03]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-12).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-30).
- ^ BBC NEWS | Politics | New nuclear plants get go-ahead. News.bbc.co.uk. Last Updated: [2008-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2009-03-14).
- ^ 核能利用情况 Ukraine. World Nuclear Association. August 2008 [2008-09-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-10).
- ^ Saudi readies nuclear energy agreement with France. Af.reuters.com. 2010-07-05 [2011-03-13]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-21).